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Language

Language. Chapter 12. Language. System of verbal or gestural symbols a community uses to communicate with one another. Semantic triangle. Thought. Symbol. Referent. Language Choices. Concrete Words Refers to tangible object, person, place or thing Abstract Words

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Language

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  1. Language Chapter 12

  2. Language • System of verbal or gestural symbols a community uses to communicate with one another

  3. Semantic triangle Thought Symbol Referent

  4. Language Choices • Concrete Words • Refers to tangible object, person, place or thing • Abstract Words • Refers to ideas or concepts but not to specific objects

  5. Abstract vs. Concrete Language Physical activity Abstract Sports Golf Professional golf Tiger Woods Concrete

  6. Idiom • Fixed, distinctive expression whose meaning is not indicated by its individual words • Examples: • Horsing around • Busy as a beaver • Face the music • Give the cold shoulder

  7. Improve Accuracy of Language • Check definitions of words being used • Work with someone who has strong language skills • Study the language • Learn pronunciation

  8. Oral Style • Reflects the spoken rather than the written word • Oral style is more • Interactive • Casual • Repetitive

  9. Spoken Language • Is interactive • speakers make adjustments as they speak • speakers monitor interest & understanding • speakers ask or respond to questions

  10. Spoken Language • Is casual • writing more rule governed • speakers use contractions & colloquialisms • speakers run words together

  11. Spoken Language • Is repetitive • speakers repeat main ideas & arguments • speakers summarize main points • speakers restate important arguments

  12. Similes • An explicit comparison of two things that uses the word like or as “Air pollution is eating away at the monuments in Washington, D.C., like a giant Alka-Seltzer tablet.” -- from the original radio broadcast of War of the Worlds http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

  13. Metaphor • Comparison between two things not using like or as • Emphasizes similarities “America’s cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society.” ~ Henry Cisneros -- Mario Cuomo, 1984 DNC Address http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

  14. Student Video Example Tara Flanagan; Descriptive Language (20 sec.) Click image to play video; “alt” & “enter” keys for full screen. Windows Media Player required

  15. Mixed Metaphor • Makes illogical comparisons between two or more things • Example • "He stepped up to the plate and grabbed the bull by the horns“ • "People who skate on thin ice are likely to find themselves in hot water"

  16. Personification • Attribute human characteristics to animals, objects, or concepts -- Bruce Sutter, Baseball Hall of Fame Induction Address http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

  17. Rhythm • Arrangement of words into patterns so sounds of words together enhance meaning of phrase

  18. Parallelism • Arrange related words so they are balanced • Arrange related sentences so they have identical structures

  19. Parallelism example “The denial of human rights anywhere is a threat to human rights everywhere. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” ~Jesse Jackson -- John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

  20. Repetition • Repeat keywords or phrases at the beginnings or endings of sentences or clauses “We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail.” ~ G.W. Bush Robert F. Kennedy, Announcing the death of Martin Luther King Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address (delivered by Jeff Daniels) http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

  21. Student Video Example Ogena Agbim; Repetition & Contrast (1 min.) Click image to play video; “alt” & “enter” keys for full screen. Windows Media Player required

  22. Alliteration • Repetition of a particular sound in a sentence or phrase - Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

  23. Alliteration example “We should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction, denial, and despair.” ~Al Gore - Bill Clinton, 1992 Democratic National Convention http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

  24. Mnemonic Device • Rhyme, phrase, or other verbal device that makes information easier to remember

  25. Antithesis • Place words & phrases in contrast or opposition to one another

  26. Antithesis example “Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens at the White House but on what happens inside your house” ~ Barbara Bush -- John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm

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