LECTURE 2 Old English: language (I)

1. ISTORY OF ENGLISH LECTURE 2Old English:language (I) Lei ZHU Shanghai International Studies University

3. 1 History and dialects: a panorama c500 BC Arrival of Celtic speakers

4. Pictish Scottish Brito-Welsh

5. 1 History and dialects: a panorama c500 BC Arrival of Celtic speakers c 45–c410 Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire, forming the Roman colony ‘Britannia’. c 410 Collapse of Roman Empire; Romans leave Britain.

6. Pictish Scottish Brito-Welsh Latin

7. 1 History and dialects: a panorama c500 BC Arrival of Celtic speakers c 45–c410 Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire, forming the Roman colony ‘Britannia’. c 410 Collapse of Roman Empire; Romans leave Britain. 449 Traditional date for the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. (Teutonic Conquest)

8. 1 History and dialects: a panorama

9. 1 History and dialects: a panorama Pictish Scottish Brito-Welsh Latin

10. Kentish West Saxon Northumbrian Anglian Mercian Old English dialects

11. 1 History and dialects: a panorama After the Teutonic Conquest 597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity.

12. 601 Augustine becomes the first Archbishop of Canterbury c700-20 Lindisfarne Gospels written in Latin 731 Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History of the English People in Latin Re-entry of Latin

13. 1 History and dialects: a panorama After the Teutonic Conquest 597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity. 780s Period of Scandinavian invasion begins. 870s Scandinavian settlement in England.

14. Scandinaviansettlements

15. 1 History and dialects: a panorama After the Teutonic Conquest 597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity. 780s Period of Scandinavian invasion begins. 870s Scandinavian settlement in England. 871–899 Reign of Alfred (849-901) as King of Wessex. 878 Battle of Edington, in which Alfred triumphs over Vikings and agrees on areas of Scandinavian settlement (later to be known as the ‘Danelaw’).

16. 871-99 Translations of, e.g. Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy, Gregory’s Pastoral Care c890-1154 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle c1000 Copying of Beowulf (written c700) Ælfric (c955-c1020) Wulfstan (?-1023) Revival of Old English

17. 1 History and dialects: a panorama After the Teutonic Conquest 597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity. 780s Period of Scandinavian invasion begins. 870s Scandinavian settlement in England. 871(–99) Reign of Alfred as King of Wessex. 878 Battle of Edington, in which Alfred triumphs over Vikings and agrees on areas of Scandinavian settlement (later to be known as the ‘Danelaw’). 1066 Battle of Hastings; William I (the Conqueror) reigns over England (until 1087).

18. 1 History and dialects: a panorama Celtic Latin Scandinavian (Old Norse) Kentish West Saxon Northumbrian Anglian Mercian OE

19. 2 Orthography and pronunciation • Runes (Futhorc)

20. 2 Orthography and pronunciation • Latin alphabet

21. 半安色尔体 海岛体

22. Vowels 元音: Monophthongs单元音 Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing

23. Vowels 元音: Diphthongs双元音 Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing

24. Consonants辅音: Plosives爆破音 and affricates塞擦音 Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing V+g+V g+i/e; i/e/æ+g c+i/e; i/e/æ+c

25. Consonants辅音: Fricatives擦音 Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing V+f+V V+s+V V+þ/ð+V a/o/u/æ+h i/e/y+h

26. Consonants辅音: Nasals鼻音, liquids流音 and semi-vowels半元音 Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing Abbreviations简写形式 and/ond (and) þæt (that) þer (there) omission of m or n

27. 3 Grammar The Old English Hexateuch (London, British Library, MS. Cotton Claudius B. iv)

28. 3 Grammar

29. Adam ða cwæð∙ þis is nu ban of minum banum∙ & flæsc of minum flæsce∙ beo heo ge ciged fæmne∙ for ðan ðe heo is of hyre were genumen.

30. Ādam ðā cwæð: “þis is nū bān of mīnum bānum, & flǣsċ Nom.sg. Nom.sg. Nom.sg. Dat.pl. Nom.sg. of mīnum flǣsċe. Bēo hēo ġeċīġed fǣmne, for ðan ðe Dat.sg. Nom.sg. Nom.sg. hēo is of hyre were ġenumen.” Nom.sg. Gen.sg. Dat.sg. sg. pl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Dat. Ādam þis bān bānum flǣsċ flǣsċe mīnum mīnum hēo hyre were And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.

31. 3 Grammar Declension of nouns m. n. f. ‘stone’ ‘ship’ ‘tale’ n-declension (weak declension) mutation declension ‘foot’ ‘man’

32. 3 Grammar Declension of adjectives ‘blind’ indefinite definite

33. 3 Grammar Declension of demonstratives Instr. þӯ þӯ

34. 3 Grammar Declension of interrogative and indefinite pronouns m./f. n. Nom. hwā hwæt Acc. hwone, hwæne hwæt Gen. hwæs hwæs Dat. hwǣm, hwām hwǣm, hwām Instr. hwī, hwon hwī, hwon, hwan

35. 3 Grammar Declension of personal pronouns

36. Ādam ðā cwæð: “þis is nū bān of mīnum bānum, & flǣsċ preterite3sg. present3sg. (ġe)cweþan bēon of mīnum flǣsċe. Bēo hēo ġeċīġed fǣmne, for ðan ðe future3sg. past participle bēon (ġe)ċīeġan hēo is of hyre were ġenumen.” present3sg. past participle bēon (ġe)niman And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.

37. 3 Grammar Conjugation of verbs Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive Pres. Pret. Pres. Pret. Pres. Pres. Pret. Simple Inflected I II III Weak verbs I II III IV V VI VII Strong verbs

38. 3 Grammar Weak verbs lufian ‘love’

39. 3 Grammar Weak verbs dēman ‘deem’

40. 3 Grammar Weak verbs habban ‘have’

41. 3 Grammar Strong verbs drīfan ‘drive’

42. 3 Grammar Strong verbs: the seven classes

43. 3 Grammar Bēon-wesan ‘be’ Present. Preterite Indicative Sg.1 eom bēo wæs 2 eart bist wǣre 3 is biþ wæs Pl. sind(on), sint bēoþ wǣron Subjunctive Sg. sīe bēo wǣre Pl. sīen bēon wǣren Imperative Sg. wes bēo Pl. wesaþ bēoþ Participle wesende bēonde ġebēon

44. Ādam ðā cwæð: “þis is nū bān of mīnum bānum, & flǣsċ then now and of mīnum flǣsċe. Bēo hēo ġeċīġed fǣmne, for ðan ðe because hēo is of hyre were ġenumen.” And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.

45. 3 Grammar

46. 3 Grammar

47. 3 Grammar Gloss and translate the passage! For ðan forlǣt se man fæder & mōdor, & ġeðēot hine to his wīfe, & hī bēoð būta on ānum flǣsce. Hī wǣron ðā būta ādam & his wīf nacode. & him ðæs ne sċeamode. forlǣt: (he/she/it) leaves ġeðēot: (he/she/it) joins būta: both n. nacode: naked n.pl. sċeamode: (it) caused shame

48. 3 Grammar For ðan forlǣt se man fæder & mōdor, & ġeðēot hine therefore leaves the man father and mother and joins him(self) Ind.pres.3sg. Nom.sg.m. Acc.sg.m. Acc.sg.f. Ind.pres.3sg. Acc.sg.m. to his wīfe, & hī bēoð būta on ānum flǣsce. Hī wǣron ðā to his wife and they shall-be both in one flesh they were then Dat.sg.n. Nom.pl.Ind.fut.3pl.Nom.n. Dat.sg.n. Dat.sg.n. Nom.pl.Ind.pt.3pl. būta ādam & his wīf nacode. & him ðæs ne sceamode. both Adam and his wife naked and to-them of-that not caused-shame Nom.n. Nom.sg.m. Nom.sg.n.Nom.pl.n. Dat.pl. Gen.sg. Ind.pt.3sg.

49. 3 Grammar For ðan forlǣt se man fæder & mōdor, & ġeðēot hine to his wīfe, & hī bēoð būta on ānum flǣsce. Hī wǣron ðā būta ādam & his wīf nacode. & him ðæs ne sceamode. Therefore shall the man leave his father and mother, and shall join himself with his wife, and they shall be both in one flesh. They were then, both Adam and his wife, naked. And to them there was no shame of it. Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. (KJV=King James Version)

50. 4 Reading practice (I) Peterborough Chronicle for AD 595 (The first sentence is in Latin.)