Download
1 / 72
730 likes | 846 Vues
Chapter 18 Imperialism. Precedence of Isolationism.
E N D
Precedence of Isolationism Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) set the precedent for the United States to pursue a policy of isolationism. Isolationism was the policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs. Although in the Monroe Doctrine (1824) the United States had declared itself the protector of the entire western hemisphere, isolationism continued to form the basis of American foreign policy throughout most of the nineteenth century. George Washington at the end of his presidency. Disturbed by the war between England and France and the attempts of both nations to draw the U.S. into it as an ally, Washington issued a "Farewell Address" in which he warned against permanent alliances with foreign nations.
Imperialism • However, as the United States industrialized during the second half of the 1800s, businessmen and politicians increasingly looked longingly towards foreign markets as a potential source of American corporate profits. The desire to gain this untapped wealth led the United States to expand its influence in the world during the late nineteenth century. • Some historians have called this period the age of American Imperialism, because during this period the United States gained control over Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. • Imperialism is the act of one nation gaining political or economic control over other countries.
Many business leaders and politicians believed that US expansion was important because it would provide the country with more economic markets and greater potential for economic growth. • Others backed imperialism because they felt that the US needed to expand (or at least be capable of expansion) in order to maintain national security. • Others believed it was part of the country’s destiny and crucial to maintaining a nationalist spirit. • Some people, however, supported Isolationism because they believed we would be pulled into foreign conflicts if we practiced Imperialism. • Others believed this policy would be expensive and that this contradicted the ideas about freedom and self-gov’t upon which our nation was founded.
Most expansionists turned their attention towards the Pacific. • Both political and business leaders wanted to trade with China and other nations in Southeast Asia. They saw the Pacific Ocean as the pathway to these markets.
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million Secretary of State, William Seward, negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.
Aloha Hawaii In the early 1890s the United States Marines helped American sugar planters depose (overthrow) the Hawaiian monarch Queen Liliuokalani. In 1898 Congress agreed to annex Hawaii or add it to United States territory. Queen Liliuokalani (1891-93). American planters, who had established sugar plantations in Hawaii beginning around 1820, became increasingly influential in the economy and government of Hawaii; Queen Liliuokalani's desire for a new constitution, restoring her royal powers, caused a revolt by the planters, and she was deposed in 1893. In 1894 a republic was established, headed by lawyer and missionary son Sanford B. Dole, and annexation by the U.S. followed in 1898.
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Spanish-American War • In the late 1800s, Cuba was still under Spanish rule. In 1895 the Cuban people rebelled and Spain sent troops to maintain order. • The Spanish sent thousands of Cubans to concentration camps, where many died. • As word got out and American newspapers spread stories of the horrible conditions in Cuba, the US gov’t decided to get involved.
Spanish-American War • Asst. Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, became a Lt. Colonel and gained command of a group of volunteers known as “Rough Riders.”
Spanish-American War • The Spanish-American War officially began as a result of what happened on Feb.15, 1898. • A US battleship, the USS Maine, exploded while anchored in the Cuban port of Havana. • Immediately, US newspapers blamed Spain and US citizens demanded war. • Congress declared war in April 1898.
“Yellow Journalism” Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington:You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst
“Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!” Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
Yellow Journalism The wreck of the U.S.S. Maine, February 15, 1898. The war for Cuban independence coincided with a press war between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer for the largest newspaper circulation in New York City. Both papers emphasized similarities between Cuba's independence war and the American Revolution. Then Hearst sent the famous artist, Frederic Remington (1861-1909), to Cuba. Remington cabled Hearst that there was nothing to paint, to which the publisher supposedly replied, "You supply the pictures and I'll supply the war." On February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana harbor. An original investigation concluded that the ship was destroyed by an external explosion, probably a Spanish mine. This was refuted in a carefully documented 1976 study by Adm. Hyman G. Rickover, which demonstrated that an internal explosion caused the loss of the ship.
Spanish-American War • Upon hearing the declaration of war, US Commodore George Dewey set sail for another Spanish colony, the Philippines. • Dewey quickly destroyed the Spanish fleet there and took control of the Philippine Islands. • John Hay, a good friend of Roosevelt and future Secretary of State, referred to the taking of the Philippines as “a splendid little war.”
Spanish-American War • The US maintained control of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam throughout and after the war. • The Spanish-American War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris 1898. • Many people believed we were wrong to keep control of the Philippines after the war. • Eventually Filipinos, under the command of Emilio Aguinaldo, launched a resistance movement which led to 2 years of fighting. • Finally in 1902, the Philippines became an “unorganized territory” of the US and in 1946 they became an independent nation.
Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the FilipinoUprising. July 4, 1946:Philippine independence
Panama Canal • Following the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became president. • In order to enable US ships to move more quickly b/t the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Roosevelt envisioned a canal across the isthmus of Panama. • The canal would serve US military and economic interests by allowing ships to travel back and forth b/t US territories without having to go around South America. • Unfortunately, the Colombian gov’t which controlled the territory absolutely refused to sell or lease the land necessary for the project.
Panama Canal • In 1903, the Panamanian people revolted against the Colombian gov’t. • Roosevelt responded by providing US naval support that would eventually help the Panamanians win their independence. • In return, the Panamanians allowed the US to lease the land needed for the canal. • Construction got underway in 1905, and in 1914, workers completed the Panama Canal. • The US continued to control the canal until President Jimmy Carter signed a treaty in 1977 authorizing the transfer of the canal to Panama. They finally took control of the canal in 1999.
U.S. workers first sprayed tons of insecticide across Panama in order to destroy the mosquito eggs in an attempt to limit cases of malaria and yellow fever.
1905 fumigation car eradicating the mosquitoes - Panama City
Panama Canal TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
Animation: How the Panama Canal Works Panama Canal Timelapse
Roosevelt Corollary • In 1904, Roosevelt issued a statement that came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Corollary means “what naturally follows from.” • It was a statement which expanded upon the Monroe Doctrine; Monroe had said that the US would not allow European nations to colonize the newly independent nations in the Western Hemisphere, nor would the US intervene with such nations. • Roosevelt added to this saying that the US had the right to intervene in the region if a nation had trouble paying its debts(these nations were very poor and had taken out loans from European nations). • This doctrine came to be known as Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy.” • This phrase came from a West African proverb which said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”It meant that the US did not intend to be a threatening presence in the Western Hemisphere, but neither would it hesitate to forcefully protect its own interests.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .
World War I In 1914, war broke out in Europe. Although it originally began as a conflict b/t European powers, it eventually involved the US and many other nations. The causes of the war were in place long before the first shots were ever fired.
The M.A.I.N. Causesof the First World War M- Militarism- Glorification of military strength and getting ready for war. A- Alliances- An agreement between countries to support each other in case of war. I- Imperialism- Trying to build up an Empire. N- Nationalism- Strong loyalty and devotion to one's country and culture.
World War I • The spark that ignited the “Great War” happened on June 28, 1914. • The Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinandand his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia by a member of the Serbian terrorist organization known as the “Black Hand”. • Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of being involved in the assassination and threatened to go to war. • Russia, which was allied with Serbia, vowed to intervene if Austria-Hungary attacked. • This brought Germany into the mix b/c of their alliance with Austria-Hungary.
The Assassination of the Archduke 1. The first attempt using a grenade missed the Archduke and exploded behind the royal car. 2. On the second attempt, they were killed by a Serbian student, Gavrilo Princip. a. The Archduke was shot in the neck and his wife was shot in the stomach. The Archduke’s blood soaked tunic.
The Assassination of the Archduke Because of his age (19 yrs, 11 months), Princip could not be executed for this crime. The law required an individual to be at least 20 years old. Princip died in prison during the war of tuberculosis. Today, Princip is considered a Serbian national hero and there are two embedded footprints on the sidewalk where he stood when he fired the two fatal shots, which triggered WWI. Despite being the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Ferdinand was not liked because he married Sophia, a person not of royal blood. She was considered a commoner.
World War I Due to existing alliances, Europe was divided and at war. Great Britain, France, and Russia formed an alliance known as the Triple Entente/Allied Powers. Germany and Austria-Hungary formed an alliance known as the Triple Alliance/Central Powers.
United States in WWI At first, the US did not get involved in the war. In fact, in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson officially declared the US neutral (not backing either side). Many in the US still believed in isolationism (the belief that the US should stay out of international conflicts) and did not see the war in Europe as being any concern to the US.
United States in WWI Others supported “preparedness”, which supported neutrality while taking steps to prepare for war just in case it became necessary. US policy towards the war became the key issue in the Election of 1916; Wilson narrowly won a second term with his slogan, “He kept us out of war!”
United States in WWI Despite Wilson’s original desire for neutrality, several factors led to US involvement in the war. While many German immigrants favored the Central Powers, most of the country’s public supported the Triple Entente. As time passed, people came to view Germany as a ruthless aggressor out to destroy democracy and freedom.
United States in WWI One of Germany’s finest and fiercest weapons were their U-boats (Unterseeboot=submarine) The Germans warned all nations that they would attack any ships entering or leaving British ports. President Wilson rejected the warning, arguing that no warring party could be allowed to disrupt neutral shipping in the Atlantic. In reality the US was not entirely neutral; it had begun shipping military supplies aboard commercial cruise liners!
United States in WWI One of these liners, the Lusitania, was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915. 1200 people died in the attack, including 128 American citizens. People in the US were furious! Anti-German feeling swept across the country. Not wanting to pull the US into the war, Germany agreed not to attack anymore US passenger ships. In 1917, however, they resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
