1 / 19

II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate 632-1258

II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate 632-1258. The Islamic Conquests, 634-711 1. Arab Conquests By the time Abu Bakr died, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia Under the next 2 caliphs they took: Syria (636) Egypt (639-642) Parts of Persia (632-651)

kenna
Télécharger la présentation

II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate 632-1258

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 • The Islamic Conquests, 634-711 1. Arab Conquests • By the time Abu Bakr died, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia • Under the next 2 caliphs they took: • Syria (636) • Egypt (639-642) • Parts of Persia (632-651) • By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of the USA!!)

  2. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258

  3. Warm Up: • What was the extent of the Islamic Empire as of 750 C.E.?

  4. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 • Why were Arab armies so successful? • Their enemies were weak - The Persian and Byzantine Empires had fought a series of wars against each other - Weakening both

  5. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 • Nomadic Heritage - Many of the Arab fighters were nomads - they were used to fighting battles in the desert and travelling a long way from home.

  6. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 • Motivation • Muslim fighters who died fighting a Jihad or holy war believed they would go to heaven when they died • Religion served as a unifying factor for the Arab armies

  7. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 3. Conquered Territory • The caliph Umar prohibited Arabs from assuming ownership of conquered lands • In order to serve in the army, and receive pay, soldiers needed to live in military camps • Kept the armies together, ready for action • Preserved life in the countryside • A small number of Arabs ruled of a vastly larger non-Arab population • No evidence of forced conversions or missionary activity

  8. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 B. The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphate 661-850 • Umayyad Rule • Capital in Damascus • Adopted administrative structure of Byzantines and Sasanid predecessors • Majority population was non-Muslim • Army almost entirely Muslim Arabs

  9. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 2. Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate • Converts to Islam resented not achieving equal status to Arabs • Some Muslims looked down on the wealth and bad behavior of the caliphs • Shi’ites launched rebellions, attacking the legitimacy of Umayyad caliphs. • Rebellions overthrew the Umayyads in 750; • one branch of the family, however, remained in power in Spain.

  10. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 3. The Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 • Shi’ites helped overthrow the Umayyad caliphs • Revolt was coordinated by the family of Abbas, one of Muhammad’s uncles • Established the Abbasid Caliphate • Capital in Baghdad

  11. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 4. Literature and learning • “golden age” • the translation of Greek texts and secular Arab poetry, thrived under the Abbasids. • Baghdad was a center of Abbasid culture • the rate of conversion of non-Muslim subjects to Islam in the ninth century increased.

  12. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 C. Political Fragmentation 661-850 • Decline • caliphs found it impossible to maintain control over their vast territory. - difficulty of transportation and communications • Resentment of rule of Baghdad by local leaders

  13. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 2. Mamluks • the caliphs had come to rely on Turkish slave troops known as Mamluks • In the late ninth century, when they were not paid properly, the Mamlukstook control of the caliphate

  14. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 3. Fragmentation • in 945, the caliphate fell under the control of the Iranian Shi’iteBuyids. • As the Abbasid Caliphate declined, various provincial regimes rose to power. - the Samanids in Central Asia and the Fatimids in Egypt.

  15. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 4. al-Andalus • Islamic, Roman, German, and Jewish cultures combined to form a unique Islamic civilization in Spain. Muslim Spain: • urbanization, • the introduction of citrus crops, • a diverse irrigated agricultural sector, • and a growth of Muslim and Jewish intellectual activity. • Religious tolerance

  16. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 D. Assault from Within and Without, 1050-1258 • Seljuk Turks • took advantage of the decline of the Abbasids • established the Suljuk Sultanate. • The Seljuks ruled a territory stretching from Afghanistan to Baghdad • took Anatolia from the Byzantines in 1071. - Battle of Manzikert

  17. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 2. Turkish Rule • Pastoral Turks had little interest in urban life • Cities shrank • Irrigation systems were not maintained • Tax revenue fell • Baghdad fell to ruins • Mesopotamia would never again regain its geographic importance

  18. II. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate632-1258 3. Invasions • Crusades began in 1099 • Defeated by Kurdish leader, Saladin who unified Egypt and Syria • Mamluk’s overthrow decedents of Saladin in 1250 • Mongol invasions • Destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad in 1258 • Mamluk’s from Egypt defeated the Mongols in 1260 • Mamluk Sultans ruled Egypt until 1517

More Related