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NP: POSTMODIFICATION

NP: POSTMODIFICATION. TYPES. Clausal (e.g. the woman who is standing by the car , the girl to consult is Emma) Prepositional (e.g. the house on the corner , a new album by a top musician ) Other “minor” types of postmodification (e.g. the best hotel available ; the flat upstairs ).

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NP: POSTMODIFICATION

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  1. NP: POSTMODIFICATION

  2. TYPES • Clausal (e.g. the woman who is standing by the car, the girl to consult is Emma) • Prepositional (e.g. the house on the corner, a new album by a top musician) • Other “minor” types of postmodification (e.g. the best hotel available; the flat upstairs)

  3. CLAUSES • Relative clauses • Nonfinite clauses

  4. Relative clauses • Relative clauses • Restrictive E.g. Only the immigrants who had their papers in order were admitted. The key which she was looking for was on the desk. - Non-restrictive: They admitted the immigrants, who had their papers in order.

  5. Relative clauses- restrictive (1) • Introduced with who/whom, which, that E.g. Perhaps the people who (that) were waiting are still there. Perhaps the dogs which (that) were waiting are still there. • If the relative pronoun is not the subject of the relative clause, we can leave it out (“zero” relative pronoun) E.g. the students who (that) I share a flat/(0) I share a flat with

  6. Relative clauses- restrictive (2) • Prepositions (1) Who/whom E.g. the students with whom I share a flat/who (that) I share a flat with (2) That/zero E.g. the girl that I lent my coat to (postposed) the girl (0) I lent my coat to (postposed) (3) Adjuncts -place: the bed (that) he sleeps in (obligatory) -time: the time (that) she arrives (at) (optional) -cause/manner: the way (that) he observed the jurors’ faces (no preposition)

  7. Relative clauses- nonrestrictive • Introduced by wh- items only E.g. Plans for the new airport, which will cope with ten times the present air traffic, are now under way. You would think that my dad, who is an international economist with the World Bank, would understand this.

  8. RELATIVE CLAUSES • Relative clauses vs. appositive clauses, introduced by abstract nouns such as proposition, reply, remark, answer e.g. I saw the man who killed Tom. (relative) The fact that she was alive at 5 p.m. did not surprise me. (appositive) • In appositive postmodification, that is not the element of clause structure (e.g. subject), as it must be in a relative clause • Huddleston/Pullum: relative clauses function as modifiers in NPs, content clauses as complements in NPs (p. 85)

  9. Nonfinite clauses - Restrictive: There’s nothing to eat. The envelope containing a white powdery substance is on the table. • Non-restrictive: The enormous volume, dedicated to his wife, lay on the desk.

  10. Non-finite clauses: types • -Ing participle clauses E.g. an envelope containing a white powdery substance • -Ed participle clauses E.g. spring water bottled in the Malvern hills • Infinitive clauses E.g. It’s time to say good night; The taps, gleaming as gold, were surrounded by a platoon of little bottles and cases.

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