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Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity Chapter 6. George Calcagnini Global II, F Period 4 th Quarter Project. Timeline: 590 BC to AD 476. Timeline: 509 BC – Romans set up a Republic 218 BC – Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Italy during Punic War
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Ancient Rome and the Rise of ChristianityChapter 6 George Calcagnini Global II, F Period 4th Quarter Project
Timeline: 590 BC to AD 476 Timeline: 509 BC – Romans set up a Republic 218 BC – Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Italy during Punic War 27 BC – Roman Republic ends and Roman Empire begins under Emperor Augustus 180 AD – Pax Romana 392 AD – Christianity is the official religion of the Roman Empire 400s AD – Roman Armies battle Hun and Germanic invaders. 476 AD – Germanic leader seizes Rome G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Section 1: The Roman World Takes Shape • Key Terms: • Republic – a “thing” of the people. A government that would keep any individual from gaining too much power. • Patrician – members of the landholding class. • Connsul - elected officials whose job it was to supervise the business of government and command the armies. • Dictator – in the event of war the Roman senate could elect a dictator, who is a ruler that would have complete control over a government. • Plebeian – the farmers, merchants, artisans and traders who made up the bulk of the Roman population, but had little influence. • Tribune - officials elected by the plebians to protect their interest. • Veto – a vote to block laws that were not acceptable • Legion – the basic military unit of the Roman army made up of 5000 men. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Geography and the Peoples of Italy • How the Romans built a world empire started with the land where they lived. • Geography • Italian peninsula is centrally located in the Mediterranean • The land was not broken up into small valleys, mountains were less rugged • Fertile plains supported a growing population • Peoples • Latins who settled along the Tiber River • Greeks had settled in southern Italy and Sicily • Etruscans settled north of Rome and ruled central Italy and Rome itself • Romans got their alphabet, building arch, and other engineering techniques to drain land from the Etruscans G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
The Roman Republic • The Romans drove out the Etruscans in 590 BC – the date the Roman state was founded • The Government Takes Shape • A republic was set up to prevent any individual from gaining too much power • The patricians made up the senate of Rome. They were the most powerful landholding upper class • 2 consuls were elected each year to supervise the business of government • A dictator could be chosen by the senate during a war to have complete control over the government. Their term would be 6 months. • Plebeians Demand Equality • Plebeians were farmers, merchants, artisans and traders who made up the bulk of the population, but had no power. • Plebeians protested for more power, and gained the right to elect their own officials called tribunes to protect their interests. • Tribunes could veto laws that were felt to be harmful to the plebeians. • A Lasting Legacy • 2000 years later, the Constitution of the US would adopt ideas such as checks on power and veto power. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Roman Society and Expansion into Italy • The family was the basic unit of Roman society, and the father had absolute power. • Roman woman played a larger role than Greek woman • Girls and Boys learned to read and write • Roman gods and goddesses resembled those of the Greeks and Etruscans. • By 270 BC strong Roman armies controlled most of the Italian peninsula. • Soldiers were citizens who fought without pay and supplied their own weapons • Rome treated its defeated enemies with justice • They kept their own cultures, paid taxes to Rome, and supplied soldiers to the army • People were loyal to Rome and some also became full or partial citizens. • Rome put soldiers in conquered lands and built roads to these new territories • Italy began to unite under Roman rule. • - G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Section 2: From Republic to Empire • Key Terms: • Imperialism – the form of government that attempts to establish control over foreign lands and peoples. • province – lands like Greece, Macedonia, and parts of Asia minor that surrendered to Rome and were under Roman rule. • Latifundia – huge estates and mansions bought by wealthy families and filled with luxuries imported form the east. • census – a population count taken by Augustus to make the tax system more fair. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Winning and Empire • Wars with Carthage • Carthage, on the north coast of Africa fought the Punic Wars with Rome • Rome defeated Carthage in the first Punic War and won Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia. • Hannibal, led his troops from the north to surprise Rome in the second Punic War and won battle after battle in Italy. • In the third Punic War, Rome completely destroyed Carthage • Rome was committed to a policy of Imperialism or establishing control over foreign lands and peoples. • Macedonia, Greece and parts of Asia Minor surrendered and became Roman provinces. Other regions, like Egypt, allied with Rome. • Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt and they called the Mediterranean Öur Sea”or Mare Nostrum. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Social and Economic Effects and Reform • Trade brought riches to Rome and a new class of wealthy Romans emerged. • Wealthy families bought up hughe estates call latifundia • As Romans conquered more land they forces the captured people into slavery on the latifundia, but small farmers could not compete with the latifundia • They lost their business and went to Rome and other cities and became part of a restless unemployed class of society • The new wealth also developed greed and corruption • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to reform Rome asking that land be given to poor farmers. • The Senate was angered by them, and they were killed with thousands of their followers. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Decline of the Republic • Unable to resolve its social problems, Rome was plunged into a series of civil wars. • Julius Caesar was a successful military commander who conquered Gaul. • Another successful commander, Pompey was fearful of Caesar’s rise to power and tried to disband his army • Caesar crushed Pompey and his supporters, and used the famous expression, “Veni, Vidi, Vici” which means, I came, I saw, I conquered. • Caesar forced the Senate to make him a dictator of Rome and started programs to help the poor and jobless. • He introduced the calendar we used today - the Julian calendar. Caesar’s enemies worried that he would make himself the king of Rome and plotted against him, and in 44BC, in the Senate, he was stabbed to death • This started new civil wars and fights for power G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Roman Empire and Roman Peace • Caesar’s Cousin Octavian won the struggle for power and the senate gave him the title of Augustus” – or exalted one. Under is reign of 17 years, the Republic came to an end – and the Roman Empire began. • The next 20 years were called Pax Romana – or Roman Peace • Augustus enforced laws and gave jobs to unemployed to build roads and temples and sent others to farm land and allowed self-government for cities • He ordered a census to count the population, and made new coins for trade • This government ruled for over 200 years, but whenever an emperor died, there were problems • Some emperors like Nero and Caligula were evil. • Nero burned parts of Rome, and others persecuted Christians G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Pax Romana and “Bread and Circuses” • There was peace an prosperity in an empire about the size of the United States. • People were safe, trade flowed freely, Egyptians supplied Romans with grain, ivory and lions for entertainment, and spices, cotton and jewels came from India • Ideas and knowledge spread freely • “Bread and Circuses”Gladiaor fights and chariot races were held at the largest race course called the Circus Maximus. • This entertainment, along with free bread was a way to keep the restless mobs of the poor happy • Underlying social problems were hidden - problems that could not be solved with “bread and circuses” G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Section 3: The Roman Achievement • Key Terms • satirize– to make fun of something. In this case, it was poets who made fun of Roman Society. • mosaic– a picture made from chips of colored stones or glassengineering – the applying of science and math to develop useful structures and machines. • aqueducts – bridgelike stone structures that brought water from the hills into Roman cities G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Greco-Roman Civilization • Rome absorbed ideas form Greek colonists who lived in southern Italy and from their conquests in Greece. • Literature, Philosophy, and History • Poems like the Aneid by Virgil tried to show the glory of Rome and its equality to Greece. • Art and Architecture • Roman art and architecture were based on Greek and Etruscan models • Roman sculpturs stressed realism • Mosaics became popular forms of art • They improved on devices such as the arch and column • Technology and Science • Romans excelled in engineering to build roads, bridges, harbors and aqueducts to bring water into Roman cities. • Roman Law • One of Rome’s greatest legacy was a commitment to the rule of law and justice. • Principles such as “innocent until proven guilty” came from Roman law. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Section 4: The Rise of Chirsitianity • Key Terms: • messiah – Jews believed that the messiah was an anointed king sengt by God. • apostle – twelve close followers of Jesus. • martyr – people who suffer or die for their beliefs. • bishop – a Church official responsible for all Christians in an area called a diocese. • diocese – a geographic area defined by the Church that is under the control of a bishop • patriarch – an authority over bishops in their area. • pope – the bishop of Rome that began to claim greater authority over all other bishops. • heresy – beliefs said to be contrary to official teachings of the Church G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Religious Diversity in the Early Empire • Early in Pax Romana, Christianity sprang up and grew rapidly, and by 395 AD, it was declared the official religion of the Roman empire. • Mystery Religions that emphasized secret rituals and promised special rewards had some followers in the empire • Rome tolerated varied religious traditions as long as citizens showed loyalty to Roman gods. • The Jews were excused from worshiping Roman gods since they practiced a monotheistic religion, but many Jews did not want to live under Roman rule after Judea was captured • Jews revolted but Rome captured Jerusalem and many Jews left and scattered throughout the Mediterranean. • The life of a Jew named Jesus was captured in the Gospels • Jesus taught Jewish tradition as well as new beliefs, and many saw him as the messiah. • Jesus was crucified by Jewish priests who considered him dangerous and a troublemaker G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
The Spread of Christianity and the Early Church • Jesus’disciples began Christian communities and converted Jews to Jesus’thinking. They became the first Christians. • Peter established Christianity in Rome, and Paul’s letters explained that Jesus dies for our sins and spread Christianity throughout the Mediterranean • Roman leaders believed Christians were disloyal to Rome, and Roman leaders began persecuting and killing Christians. These Christians were called martyrs. • Christianity continued to spread regardless, and persecution ended in 313AD by emperor Constantine in the Edict of Milan granting freedom of worship to all citizens. • Baptism, the Mass and the Eucharist became a pattern and way of life for Christians. • Each community had a priest, and larger areas called diocese had a leader called a bishop. • Bishops of large cities were called patriarchs and the bishops of Rome were called popes. • Although Roman power was fading, the power of the Church grew stronger and inherited many of the functions of the government. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Section 5: The Long Decline • Key Terms: • inflation– the rapid rise of prices. • mercenary– foreign soldiers serving for pay hired to fight for Rome to defend its borders. • The end of Roman greatness did not occur overnight. Decay had set in centuries before the fall. • In 180 AD Pax Romana ended and Rome was in turmoil with power struggles • The people were burdened with high taxes, and farmers were unproductive • Emperor Diocletian divided the empire into Eastern and Western • He tried to control inflation by fixing prices • Emperor Constantine granted toleration to Christian • He created Constantinople as a second capital in the Eastern Empire • But, the Empire continued to decline G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Foreign Invasion • For centuries, Roman soldiers stopped attacks from Germanic people who lived north and east of the Roman empire. • But when the Huns began conquering these Germanic people, the Visigoths, Ostrogoths and other Germanic tribes migrated to Rome to seek safety in there. • Rome could not deal with the bands of invading people and in 378 the Roman amry was defeated by the Visigoths at Adrianople. • Rome surrendered Britain, Spain and France which were also under siege. • In 378 AD, the Visigoths beat the Roman army and plundered Rome and moved through Gaul, Spain and North Africa. • In 434 AD, Attila the Hun, savagely conquered all of Europe sending more people into Roman Empire. • In 476, the Roman leader was ousted and this was considered the fall of Rome. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Causes of the Fall of Rome • Military: • Roman legions coul not stop the Germanic invasions. • Soldiers were not disciplined and well-trained. • Many soldiers were mercenaries, paid to fight, but had no loyalty to Rome. • Political: • Government had become more oppressive and authoritatrian and lost the support of the people • Officials were corrupt • Economic: • High taxes were needed to support the large government • Reliance on slave labor discouraged Romans from exploring new technology • Farmers abandoned land and the middle class sank into poverty • Social: • Rome lost its values of patriotism, discipline and devotion to duty • Upper class was devoted to lu • Bread and Circuses were expensive undermined the self-reliance of the masses. G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project
Questions • 1. What was the name of the form of Roman government that had officials chosen by the people? • A) Democracy B) Monarchy C) Republic D) Dictatorship • 2. What City did Rome fight in the Punic Wars? • A) Athens B) Carthage C) Constantinople D) Alexandria • 3. What was the purpose of “bread and circuses”? • A) Make money from ticket sales • B) Select the best gladiators for the Roman army • C) Keep the city’s restless masses entertained • D) Kill Christians • 4. From what country did Rome get most of its art and science? • A) Egypt B) Germany C) Carthage D) Greece • 5. What military cause contributed to the fall of Rome? • A) many soldiers were mercenaries without loyalty • B) bad leadership • C) poor weapons • D) not enough troops G. Calcagnini - Global II, F Period, 4Q Project