Rhetorical devices and their effects

1. Rhetorical devices and their effects Spotlight on allusion, asyndeton and erotema and hypophora.

2. Let’s review the good old rhetorical triangle:

3. Rhetorical question – AKA erotema • Let’s start basic – what is a question? • Why ask one? • When a writer asks a question in a persuasive essay, the answer is implied. • So, if the writer already knows the answer and the reader does also (if the reader gets the implication) then why ask? • Can you tell me? ;)

4. Rhetorical question – What is the effect? • Effect: • In Composition, Literary and Rhetorical, Simplified (1850), David Williams states that a rhetorical question is designed “to awaken attention to the subject of discourse, and is a mode of address admirably calculated to produce a powerful impression of the truth of a subject, as it challenges the impossibility of contradiction.” • A well-structured erotema will lead the audience to the conclusion that the speaker wants them to reachand the reader (or listener) will feel like a participant instead of simply an observer (or reader.) • Since the listener/reader feels pulled into the conversation with rhetorical questions, they can be used very effectively to build consensus.

5. And in “Pigskin…” and “Under My Thumb”? • Let’s locate the questions. • What is their specific effect in the essay?

6. Hypo what? • Hypophora – Asking a rhetorical question and immediately answering it. • And the effect? • There is a sense that the speaker is having a dialogue with the audience. The answer is usually one that is on the minds of his listeners already. • Asking the question arouses the curiosity of the audience about the answer. A well-timed pause between the question and answer can heighten this curiosity and completely engage the audience. • The speaker appears confident and in control. • The question or questions in a hypophora will often be used to set up a long answer, which contains an important point that the speaker wishes to make.

7. Duh! Lisa Simpson and her grandmother (singing Bob Dylan’s “Blowin’ in the Wind”): “How many roads must a man walk down, before you can call him a man?” • Homer Simpson: “Seven!” • Lisa: “No, Dad, it’s a rhetorical question.” • Homer: “Rhetorical, eh? … Eight!” • Lisa: “Dad, do you even know what ‘rhetorical’ means?” • Homer: “Do I know what ‘rhetorical’ means?”

8. “You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land, and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be.” • — Winston Churchill, 4 June 1940 • ——— • “There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, ‘When will you be satisfied?’ We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating “For Whites Only”. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.” • — Martin Luther King, Jr., 28 August 1963

9. Allusion • We know what that is? Why use it? • What is the effect in “Pigskin Pride and Prejudice”? • In “Under My Thumb”?

10. Asyndeton… • What is it? Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words. • So this is a sentence without “speed bumps.” • Both poly and asyndeton give the reader a sense of multiplicity, of energy, of “a building up.” • Sometimes, asyndeton can indicate more urgency since it proceeds at a fast pace.

11. Some examples: • "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth". Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address • "...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." John F. KennedyInaugural Address, 20 January 1961. • The US Declaration of Independence includes an example of asyndeton, referring to the British: • "We must... hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends." • This quotation is also an example of chiasmus. • Another frequently used, extended example, is Winston Churchill's address, "We shall fight on the beaches": • "We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. . ."

12. Antithesis Antithesis is the opposition or contrast of ideas in a parallel structure. What is a parallel structure? Similarity in structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses. “Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.” JFK Inaugural Let’s find an example in “Under My Thumb.”