Minotaur, Labyrinth, Circe’s Palace and Greek Architecture

1. Minotaur, Labyrinth, Circe’s Palace and Greek Architecture Week Eleven

2. Review(1): Greek mythology Alice Y. Chang

3. Review (2) Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey

4. 看似尚武的英雄主義, 看似奇幻浪漫的地中海之旅,荷馬的兩部史詩是告誡戰爭的悲哀與無情、傳誦人心深處的傷痛與苦楚。

5. Franz Eugen Köhler畫的插圖金蘋果 學名: Cydonia oblonga 英文: quince 圖像來源: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Illustration_Cydonia_oblonga0.jpg Alice Y. Chang

6. 舊約 • Song of Solomon, 金蘋果 (quince): • 「一句說得合宜，就如金蘋果在銀網子裡。」(箴言二十五：11) Alice Y. Chang

7. 潘富俊。《詩經植物圖鑑》118-119頁。 《詩經》〈衛風．木瓜〉 投我以木瓜，報之以瓊琚； 匪報也，永以為好也。 投我以木桃，報之以瓊瑤； 匪報也，永以為好也。 投我以木李，報之以瓊玖。 匪報也，永以為好也。 Alice Y. Chang

8. Quince and Greek Wedding • 古希臘婚禮必備的水果，屬於Aphrodite • Plutarch  (Roman Questions 3.65) a Greek bride would nibble a quince to perfume her kiss before entering the bridal chamber in order that the first greeting may not be unpleasant” (口氣清新) Alice Y. Chang

9. by Frederick, Lord Leighton, 1892. Alice Y. Chang

10. Garden of the Hesperides 蘋果園 • They are sometimes called the Western Maidens, the Daughters of Evening, and the "Sunset Goddesses", designations all apparently tied to their imagined location in the distant west. • They were entrusted with the care of the tree of the golden apples which was first presented to the goddess Hera by Gaia (Earth) on her wedding day. Alice Y. Chang

11. Theseus and the foundation of Athens Watch the video

12. 牛頭人(Minotaur ) • 克里特島的國民米諾斯（Minos）可說是擁有極大權力的王者，在他統治之下的國家也顯得相當的和平。 • 某天，海神波賽頓賜給他一隻極為美麗的白色公牛，而這是給諸神的獻禮。 • 可是，米諾斯一時起了貪念，竟然把這頭公牛據為己有。震怒的波賽頓，於是下了一個強力的詛咒：祂讓米諾斯的皇后愛上白公牛，並且和牠生下了一個牛頭人身的怪物。

13. Labyrinth • 羞愧的米諾斯請希臘最強的工匠達德洛斯建造了一座巨大的迷宮，將這個怪物藏進這出不來的大迷宮中（Labyrinth）。 • 從此之後，每年米諾斯都要派出七名少年少女進入迷宮，試圖殺死（或有一說是獻祭）這頭怪物。但最後這些少年都因為迷失方向而成為牛頭人的食物。

15. Theseus and Ariadne. • 數年之間，克里特島的居民生活在恐懼中，惶惶不可終日。希臘的英雄賽修斯（Theseus）聽到這個傳聞之後，自願進入這座大迷宮。 • 在公主愛瑞雅妮（Ariadne. ）的協助下，他帶著一卷線捲進入迷宮，殺死牛頭人之後靠著這條線一路走出迷宮。 • Ariadne’s thread

16. Daedalus an Athenian architect, and the first inventor of images.

17. Daedalus flying machines • Minos 把Daedalus關在迷宮裡. . . • 或是因為迷宮建得實在太複雜了，Daedalus和其子Icarius被丟進去連自己都出不來。他心想這樣不行，難道就得如此被關在這裡老死嗎？既然無法自己走出去，那就用飛得好了。

18. Minos, king of Crete/ Daedalus • the first ruler to control the Mediterranean Sea, which he ridded of pirates. • He had with him a famed craftsman, Daedalus the Athenian, who was in exile from Athens because he had murdered his nephew Talos. • Daedalus 神話傳說中的希臘建築師、雕刻家、設計大師!!

20. Minoan Civilization

22. Minos and Minotaur

23. Theseus kills the Minotaur as Ariadne looks on

25. Phaistos Palace

27. Greek tragedy and theater Arts and architecture

28. The classical period Alice Y. Chang

29. The three major Greek tragedians Aeschylus— Agamemnon Sophocles— Oedipus the King Euripides— Medea

30. AESCHYLUS524?-456 B.C.

31. Epitaph of Aeschylus “This tomb hideth the dust of Aeschylus, an Athenian, Euphorion’s son, who died in wheat-bearing Gela; his glorious valour the precinct of Marathon may proclaim, and the long-haired Medes, who knew it well.” • ~Aeschylus, Fragment 272

32. Greek Text • Αἰσχύλον Εὐφορίωνος Ἀθηναῖον τόδε κεύθειμνῆμα καταφθίμενον πυροφόροιο Γέλας·ἀλκὴν δ' εὐδόκιμον Μαραθώνιον ἄλσος ἂν εἴποικαὶ βαθυχαιτήεις Μῆδος ἐπιστάμενος

33. the creator of tragedy The earliest documents in the history of the Western theater are the seven plays of Aeschylus that have come down to us through the more than two thousand years since his death.

38. 490s BCE • When he produced his first play in the opening years of the fifth century B.C., the performance that we know as drama was still less than half a century old, still open to innovation—and Aeschylus, in fact, made such significant contributions to its development that he has been called “the creator of tragedy.”

39. Dionysia Festival After the defeat of the Persian invaders (480-479 B.C.), as Athens with its fleets and empire moved toward supremacy in the Greek world, this spring festival became a splendid occasion. The Dionysia, as it was now called, lasted for four or five days, during which public business (except in emergencies) was suspended and prisoners were released on bail for the duration of the festival.

40. an open-air theater • In an open-air theater that could seat seventeen thousand spectators, tragic and comic poets competed for the prizes offered by the city.

41. three tragedies and a satyr play Poets in each genre had been selected by the magistrates for the year. On each of three days of the festival, a tragic poet presented three tragedies and a satyr play (a burlesque on a mythic theme), and a comic poet produced one comedy.

45. trilogy • The three tragedies could deal with quite separate stories or, as in the case of Aeschylus’s Oresteia, with the successive stages of one extended action. • By the time this trilogy was produced (458 B.C.) the number of actors had been raised to three; the spoken part of the performance became steadily more important.

46. The Oresteia • The first play, Agamemnon, was followed at its performance by two more plays, The Libation Bearers and The Eumenides, which carried on its story and theme to a conclusion.

48. Death of Agamemnon

49. Orestes killing Aigisthos

50. an equilibrium (~concerto) In the Oresteia an equilibrium between the two elements of the performance has been established. The actors, with their speeches, create the dramatic situation and its movement, the plot; the chorus, while contributing to dramatic suspense and illusion, ranges free of the immediate situation in its odes, which extend and amplify the significance of the action.