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Major Depression

Major Depression. By Mr Daniel Hansson. Major Depression. Symptoms Prevalence Etiology Evaluation Conclusion. Symptoms (DSM-IV-TR). Affective: Feelings of guilt and sadness, lack of enjoyment or pleasure in familiar activities or company Behavioural: Passivity, lack of initiative

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Major Depression

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  1. Major Depression By Mr Daniel Hansson

  2. Major Depression • Symptoms • Prevalence • Etiology • Evaluation • Conclusion

  3. Symptoms (DSM-IV-TR) • Affective: Feelings of guilt and sadness, lack of enjoyment or pleasure in familiar activities or company • Behavioural: Passivity, lack of initiative • Cognitive: Frequent negative thoughts, faulty attribution of blame, low self esteem, suicidal thoughts, irrational hopelessness, difficulties in concentration and inability to make decisions • Somatic: Loss of energy, insomnia, or hypersomnia, weight loss/gain, diminished sex drive

  4. Symptoms • One or two major depressive episodes • At least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest accompanied with at least four additional symptoms of depression

  5. Prevalence • Life time prevalence for the disorder: Women – 10-25% Men – 5-12% • The average age to have the first major depression: Mid 20s • The onset age is decreasing • One episode: 60 % of a second • Two or three episodes: 70-90 % of a following episode • One year after diagnosis: 40 % are free of symptoms, 20 % have some symptoms, 40 % meet full criteria of the disorder

  6. Prevalence • More common in individualistic than collectivistic cultures • Seattle, Washington: 6.3 % • China: 4 % • Verona, Italy: 4.7 % • Groningen, Germany: 15.9 % • Manchester, United Kingdom: 16.9 % • Ankara, Turkey: 11.6 % • Nagasaki, Japan: 2.6 %

  7. Etiology • Biological • Cognitive • Sociocultural

  8. Biological • Genetic and biochemical factors in depression • E.g. Caspi (2003), Lykken & Tellegen (1996)

  9. Cognitive • A depressed mood may lead to depressed thoughts • Depressed cognitions, cognitive distortions, and irrational beliefs produce disturbances in mood • E.g. Goldapple (2004), Lyon & Woods (1991)

  10. Sociocultural • Social and cultural factors affect the prevalence and manifestation of the disorder • E.g. Harris (1978), Cutrona, Wallace, & Wesner (2006)

  11. Evaluation +Can be used for therapy +Supporting research -Methodological problems with research -Simplistic: Each perspective emphasizes one factor

  12. Conclusion • An interactionistic explanation of major depressive disorder is preferable, e.g. the diathesis-stress model or the biopsychosocial model

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