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Honors Chemistry Chapters 1 + 2

Honors Chemistry Chapters 1 + 2. Chemistry- Matter and change. Chemistry Defined. T he study of the composition and changes undergone by matter. Biology. Physiology. Environmental Science. Chemistry. Physics. Geosciences. Forensics. Five Branches of Chemistry. Organic Inorganic

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Honors Chemistry Chapters 1 + 2

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  1. Honors ChemistryChapters 1 + 2 Chemistry- Matter and change

  2. Chemistry Defined The study of the composition and changes undergone by matter Biology Physiology Environmental Science Chemistry Physics Geosciences Forensics

  3. Five Branches of Chemistry • Organic • Inorganic • Analytical-composition of substances. • Physical-behavior of chemical substances • Biochemistry

  4. Chemistry Can Be… • Pure • For the advancement of knowledge about our world • Many “Pure” pursuits lead to practical applications (i.e. nylon) • Applied • For a specific issue that faces society • Pharmaceuticals, etc. Read “The Symbiosis of Pure and Applied Science” posted under the Introduction to Chemistry topic and respond to the discussion question

  5. Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Experiment Law Theory

  6. Important distinction Theory Law Provides an explanation of what occurs in nature Arise following many, many experiments Merely states what occurs in nature

  7. Important Distinctions Continued • Independent Variable – manipulated variable • Dependent Variable – responding variable • Control- A standard of comparison for checking or verifying the results of an experiment. • Constant - A quantity, condition, or factor that does not vary throughout the course of an experiment. • Qualitative- sensory observations (EX: brown) • Quantitative- numerical measurements (EX: 5 grams) • Observation- objective explanation of phenomena • Inference- subjective explanation of phenomena

  8. Benchmark • If you haven’t done so already, read sections 1.1-1.3 of the text. • The reading and presentations we have done thus far should enable you to complete: • Written work for chapter 1 (sections 1.1-1.3 only) • Supplemental Questions 1-5 • As always, if you have questions about this material or need help with any of your work, make arrangements to see Mrs. Pav ASAP.

  9. Physical properties of matter • Properties that can be observed without changing the composition of matter. Anything that has mass*and takes up space • Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of matter present • Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter present. A measurement that reflects the amount of matter *not to be confused with weight

  10. states of Matter • Matter CAN change state • Three basic states of matter

  11. Classification of matter • Substance- purely 1 type of matter (elements and compounds) KNOW YOUR ELEMENTS • Mixture- composed of 2 or more substances physically combined • Heterogeneous- composition varies • more than one phase* • Homogeneous(aka“solution”) - uniform composition • one phase *Phase refers to any part of a sample with uniform composition

  12. Separating Mixtures • ALL MIXTURES CAN BE SEPERATED PHYSICALLY by exploiting the physical properties of the components • Filtration- used to separate a mixture with widely varying particle size • EX: rocks and water • Distillation- used to separate a liquid mixture based on differing boiling points. • EX: alcohol and water • Crystallization- used to separate an aqueous mixture • EX: salt water • Chromatography- separates a mixture based on polarity (affinity for stationary/mobile phase)

  13. Classification of matter • Substance- 1 type of matter • Elements – Simplest form of matter • Compounds – A chemical combination of two or more different elements.

  14. Changes to Matter • Physical change- occurs without altering makeup • Chemical change- occurs through alteration of substance

  15. Chemical Reactions • Must involve at least one material changing into a new material and • Must obey the Law of Conservation of Mass: • Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reaction 6.06g → 16.06g

  16. INDICATIONS OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE Change in color Change in temperature Formation of a gas Formation of a precipitate

  17. Benchmark • If you haven’t done so already, read sections 2.1-2.4 of the text. • The reading, presentations, activities and labs we have done thus far should enable you to complete: • Written work for chapter 2 (sections 2.1-2.4) • Supplemental Questions 6-10 • As always, if you have questions about this material or need help with any of your work, make arrangements to see Mrs. Pav ASAP.

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