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Modern Biology

Modern Biology. Chapter 8: Cell Reproduction. 8-1: Chromosomes. Chromosome structure DNA coiled very tightly around proteins called histones. chromosome. Sister chromatids. Centromere. Numbers of chromosomes….

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Modern Biology

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  1. Modern Biology Chapter 8: Cell Reproduction

  2. 8-1: Chromosomes • Chromosome structure • DNA coiled very tightly around proteins called histones

  3. chromosome Sister chromatids Centromere

  4. Numbers of chromosomes…

  5. C:\Projects\Holt-Rinehart-Winston\HRWScience\HRWScience\Modern_Biology\Ch08\60121.htmlC:\Projects\Holt-Rinehart-Winston\HRWScience\HRWScience\Modern_Biology\Ch08\60121.html

  6. Chromosome numbers • humans have 46 individual chromosomes in 23 pairs • homologous pairs: each member of a pair codes for the same trait, but may code for different values of the trait • both will code for eye color • one may carry code for green, the other blue

  7. Human Chromosome numbers • of the 46 chromosomes, • 44 are autosomes • autosome: non-sex chromosome • 2 are sex chromosomes • sex chromosome: chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

  8. Human sex determination • XX- female • XY- male

  9. Chromosome Number and Cell Type • diploid cells • diploid: cell that contain homologous pairs • most cells in human body • get one set from mom and the other from dad • 2n

  10. Chromosome Number and Cell Type • haploid cells • cell containing only one of each pair of homologous chromosomes • half the number of chromosomes • n • a.k.a.: gametes • Sperm and eggs

  11. Diploid v. Haploid Diploid chromosomes exist in pairs Haploid Chromosomes don’t exist in pairs

  12. Gametes

  13. The making of an individual n (egg) + n (sperm) 2n (individual with full set)

  14. Cell Division For autosomal cells

  15. Cell division in prokaryotes • binary fission: division of prokaryotic cell into two new cells • produces genetically identical individuals

  16. Binary Fission

  17. Cell division in eukaryotes

  18. Cell division in eukaryotes • the cell cycle: repeating series of events in which new cells are made • Has three main functions

  19. Growth

  20. Repair

  21. Asexual reproduction

  22. A Mathematical Question Do we divide or multiply?

  23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPG6480RQo0&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPG6480RQo0&NR=1

  24. Dolly • Dolly was the first mammal to be successfully cloned.

  25. Snuppy

  26. Cloning gone very wrong…

  27. Activities

  28. Cell Division and the cell cycle

  29. G0 cell that has exited the cell cycle • nerve cells are permanently here • they are unable to divide again

  30. Drugs and alcohol kill brain cells- it’s not a myth • DO NOT DO STUPID THINGS THAT KILL THEM • Actually, they kill all of your cells, brain cells just don’t grow back.

  31. Mitosis • M phase • Period of nuclear division • four phases

  32. Anaphase Metaphase Late Prophase Telophase & Cytokinesis Early Prophase Interphase (G1, S, G2) Cytokinesis

  33. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PKjF7OumYo&feature=player_embedded#http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PKjF7OumYo&feature=player_embedded#

  34. Cell Division Stages

  35. Prophase • DNA coils into chromosomes • Centrioles form • Spindle fibers come from centrioles • nucleolus and nuclear envelope disintegrated • longest of the phases

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