1 / 29

Ultrasound Guided Central Venous Cannulation (CVC)

Ultrasound Guided Central Venous Cannulation (CVC). Shirley Lee MD CAEP 2008. Why Ultrasound guidance?. Traditionally, CVC mechanical complications occur up to 15% Insertion unsuccessful up to 12% Becoming standard of care. McGee and Gould, NEJM 2003; 348: 1123-1133

kiona-oneal
Télécharger la présentation

Ultrasound Guided Central Venous Cannulation (CVC)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ultrasound Guided Central Venous Cannulation (CVC) Shirley Lee MD CAEP 2008

  2. Why Ultrasound guidance? • Traditionally, CVC mechanical complications occur up to 15% • Insertion unsuccessful up to 12% • Becoming standard of care McGee and Gould, NEJM 2003; 348: 1123-1133 Merrer, De Johnghe, Golliot, et al. JAMA. 286:700-7, 2001

  3. CVC Complications • Pneumothorax, arterial puncture, hematoma, malposition, increased skin punctures with bleeding complications, delay and failure to catheterize, thoracic duct injury (left sided approach), air embolism, arrhythmias, and death • Delayed complications: infection and thrombosis

  4. Advantages • Safer • Markedly decreased pneumothorax rate • Real-time visualization of target • See needle enter target vein, avoiding adjacent arteries, nerves

  5. Evidence • In ER: Prospective, randomized trial of 130 patients • Complication rate: 4.6% vs. 16.9% • Success rate: 93.9% vs. 78.5% • Time not significantly different Leung, Duffy, Finckh. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48(5):540-7

  6. Evidence • ICU – Prospective,randomized trial of 900 • Success: 100% vs. 94% • Carotid puncture 1% vs. 10% • Pneumothorax 0% vs. 2.4% • Hemothorax 0% vs. 1.7% • Reduced time and number of attempts with US

  7. Jugular and Subclavian anatomy

  8. Compression confirms patency

  9. Subclavian vein Transverse Sagittal

  10. Common indications for CVC • Hemodynamic monitoring • Administration of drugs likely to induce phlebitis • Temporary cardiac pacemaker • Hemodialysis • Lack of peripheral venous access

  11. Technique • 5-10 MHz probe - locate vein, ensure patency, then puncture blindly – but no safer than landmark technique • Real-time visualization of needle tip helps prevent pneumothorax, arterial puncture • Still need X-ray to document tip position, as catheter can still go wrong direction

  12. Technique • Use either transverse or longitudinal orientation of ultrasound beam to needle path • Transverse supposedly easier for novice • Advantage of longitudinal: see needle through entire course • With either, you will NOT see needle tip if out of plane • Can use needle guides to help

  13. Predictors of difficult cannulation • Emergency Placement • Obesity • Coagulopathy • Intubated • Hypotensive/Hypovolemic • Edematous patient • Known previous difficult cannulation

  14. Static technique: Using 2-3 ultrasound planes, mark with felt pen Dynamic technique: 1 vs 2 person technique Use image as guide Observe needle throughout procedure, as it penetrates vessel Watch tip! Static vs Dynamic technique

  15. Venous access – easiest to more challenging 1st CHOICE:Internal/External Jugular 2nd CHOICE: Femoral – easy 3rd CHOICE: Subclavian/Axillary – harder due to location, more difficult to visualize while you puncture 4th CHOICE: Cephalic/Basilic/Antecubital –

  16. Jugular Vein • Large, easy to see, good choice • Trendelenberg, head contralaterally turned 30 degrees • Put probe transversely across vein, just superior to clavicle btn two SCM heads, just superior to clavicle • Bring needle in from laterally above probe (in same plane as transducer), aiming just slightly down to toes ~ 20-45 degrees (Posterior approach) • Watch needle well away from vein, indenting vein wall, and pop through…and know where carotid is! • Beware of anatomical variants:

  17. Subclavian Vein • More challenging to see needle and vein at puncture site • Jugular much easier, less risk of venous stenosis, thrombosis, catheter fracture from pinch off syndrome • Place probe inferior to most lateral aspect of clavicle • Puncture axillary-subclavian junction close to clavicle

  18. Femoral vein • Also easy • Orient transducer longitudinally, along course of vein, bring needle in from below, parallel to transducer and vein • Valsalva often helps distend vein, bigger target • Externally rotate leg to move artery more lateral

  19. U/S CVC Pitfalls 1. Failure to identify the vein correctly 2. Failure to locate the needle in tissue

  20. Tips • Awake patient - Check position. If patient has moved after you have landmarked, this results in a change in anatomical position of the vein • Centre vein in middle of the screen • Lighten probe pressure, as may be collapsing vein • Insert needle at sharper angle (45 - 60 degrees), to properly intersect with the vein directly under transducer

  21. 7 Steps to Success: • Use adequate gel • Confirm orientation of probe - conventionally probe head pointing to RIGHT (rub edge with finger, look at screen) • Do preliminary US - find patent target vein • Mark site (static vs direct technique) • Consider local anesthetic • Sterilize skin, sterile probe, sterile technique! • Advance the needle!

  22. Sterile preparation of US transducer • Apply non-sterile gel to probe • Slip sterile sleeve over transducer, smooth all air bubbles away from scanning surface to prevent artifact • Secure sleeve with rubber band • Alternate: large sterile glove, with fingers folded over, palmar surface of glove is scan surface. • Sterile gel applies outer surface of glove/sterile sleeve

  23. General Tips on CVC insertion • Be aware that more than 3 failed attempts to cannulate the vein can result in a 6 fold increase in mechanical complication. (McGee) • Aids to distinguish arterial vs. venous cannulation • A pressure transducer can be attached to the needle cannulating the vessel to confirm the presence of venous waveforms and pressure • Blood gases from the needle in the vessel can be measured and compared with known a known arterial sample

  24. Summary • US guided procedures have a number of clinical utilities in the ED • US can improve the safety of specific procedures and success rate • Initially, can be more time consuming due to learning curve, but with practice, patience and good hand-eye coordination improve efficiency and efficacy of patient care

  25. References • Abboud PAC and Kendall JL. Ultrasound guidance for vascular access. Emergency Clinics of North America. 22(3):749-773, 2004 • Leung, Duffy and Finckh. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48(5):540-7 • McGee DC and Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. NEJM. 348(12):1123-33, 2003 • Miller AH, Roth BA, Mills TJ et al. Ultrasound guidance versus the landmark technique for the placement of central venous catheters in the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine. 9(8) :800-805, 2002.

  26. Procedure Video Reference • http://content.nejm.org

  27. References • National Institute for Clinical Excellence. NICE technology appraisal guidance No.49: guidance on the use of ultrasound locating devices for placing central venous catheters. London: NICE, September 2002. www.nice.org.uk/pdf/ultrasound_49_GUIDANCE.pdf (accessed 21 Apr 2004) • The National Quality Forum. Safe Practices for Better Health Care. A consensus report.Washington, D.C. 2003. www.qualityforum.org (accessed 27 Jan 2005).

More Related