1 / 47

BEHAVIOR GENETICS

BEHAVIOR GENETICS. “Thanks for almost everything, Dad”. Genetics – study of how living things pass on traits from one generation to the next Take a minute to think and share with a neighbor the characteristics you have in common with your parents and the characteristics you do not.

kirby-church
Télécharger la présentation

BEHAVIOR GENETICS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. BEHAVIOR GENETICS “Thanks for almost everything, Dad”

  2. Genetics – study of how living things pass on traits from one generation to the next • Take a minute to think and share with a neighbor the characteristics you have in common with your parents and the characteristics you do not. • Genotype – Our unique genetic makeup • Phenotype – outward expression of a trait – determined by both genetics and experience

  3. Mirror Neurons: Seeing ourselves in Others • Read page 75 • With Neighbor – Thinking Critically About Mirror Neurons questions • Record on one sheet of paper 1 & 3

  4. Behavior Genetics • Study perception, learning & memory, motivation and emotions, personality, and psychological disorders from a genetic perspective • Animal Behavior Genetics • Strain Studies – Close relatives are inbred • Why? • Selection studies-breeding animals with other animals that have the same trait • Human Behavior Genetics • Family studies – if genes influence trait – close relatives should share the trait more often than distant relatives

  5. Average risk of schizophrenia among biological relatives of people with schizophrenia

  6. Read twin study article With neighbor answer questions – record on one piece of paper

  7. Sensation • Sensation – begins when energy stimulates a receptor cell in one of the sense organs • Absolute threshold – least amount of energy that can be detected as a stimulation 50% of the time. • Hearing – tick of a watch from 20 feet in quiet conditions • Vision – A candle flame seen from 30 miles on a clear, dark night • Taste - .0356 ounces of table sale in 500 L of water • Smell – One drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartment • Touch – the wing of a bee falling on the cheek from a height of 1 cm

  8. Changes in stimuli • Difference threshold (jnd) – the smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time • Would adding 1 pound to 5 pounds be the same as adding 1 pound to 100 pounds? • Weber’s law – different threshold is a constant fraction or proportion of the original stimulus • To produce a JND - • Hearing – very sensitive – change in sound .3% • Taste – 20% • Weight – 2%

  9. Apply your understanding • According to Weber’s law – if you are lifting a 50-pound weight, how much must the weight change before you will notice that it is lighter or heavier? • A. 1 ounce • B. 8 ounces • C. 1 pound • D. 2 pounds

  10. Subliminal Perception • Subliminal – below our level of awareness • Read ‘The Roots of Subliminal Perception’ • Independent scientific studies show that hidden messages OUTSIDE the laboratory have no significant effect on behavior • In a controlled laboratory setting people can process and respond to information outside of awareness

  11. Writing Response If you had to give up one of your senses what would it be and why would you choose this sense?

  12. Vision For humans, vision is the most important sense – so it has received the most attention from psychologists. 1. Why is it the most important sense? 2. It has been suggested that in humans, vision is such a powerful sense that it will override information from other senses – humans will respond to visual stimuli even when hearing (taste or touch) tells them otherwise. Have you had experiences of this sort?

  13. The Visual System Cornea – light enters through here – transparent protective coating over front part of eye Pupil – the light then passes through here – opening in center of iris Iris – colored part of eye Retina – lining of the eye Containing receptor cells That are sensitive to light

  14. Receptor Cells • Retina contains receptor cells that are responsible for vision! • 1. Rods: Responsible for night vision and perception of brightness • 2. Cones: responsible for color vision • Work in a more limited area of our visual field • Seeing with one eye is difficult • With partner – try to quickly touch the tip of a pencil with one eye close – then with both eyes • Easier to accurately judge depth with two eyes – with only one eye the brain knows what it is seeing, but it does not give an accurate indication of depth perception

  15. I cdnuoltblveieetaht I cluodaulacltyuesdnatnrdwaht I was rdanieg. The pweor of the hmuanmnid! Aoccdrnig to a rseaerch at CmabrigdeUinervtisy, it deson'tmttaer in wahtoredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olnyiprmoatnttihng is taht the frist and lsatltteer be in the rghitpclae.The rset can be a taotlmses and you can sitllraed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamnmniddeos not raederveylteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh?

  16. My eyes are playing tricks on me • Do you have "X-Ray Vision?" You may be able to see through your own hand with this simple illusion. Roll up a piece of notebook paper into a tube. The diameter of the tube should be about 0.5 inch. Hold up your left hand in front of you. Hold the tube right next to the bottom of your left "pointer" finger in between you thumb (see figure below). • Look through the tube with your RIGHT eye AND keep your left eye open too. What you should see is a hole in your left hand!! Why? Because your brain is getting two different images...one of the hole in the paper and one of your left hand.

  17. http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/fun-senses-tests-visual-hearing-reaction-disgust/http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/fun-senses-tests-visual-hearing-reaction-disgust/ • http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/ • Criticisms adfas fadfad

  18. Hearing • Now choose between hearing and seeing, if you had to give up one which one would it be and why? • Writing Response Individually: • First, create a list how losing your hearing would impact your life • Second, create a list how losing your sight would impact you • If you had to give up one which would it be and why?

  19. Hellen Keller – blind and deaf – regretted her inability to hear more than anything else • “I am just as deaf as I am blind. The problems of deafness are deeper and more complex, if not more important than those of blindness. Deafness is a much worse misfortune. For it means the loss of the most vital stimulus – the sound of the voice that brings language, sets thoughts astir and keeps us in the intellectual company of man.”

  20. Some animals depend more on their hearing than on their sight • Bat, dolphins, porpoises, and whales are not blind but they ‘see’ more with their ears than with their eyes. • Echolocation – high pitched chirps that bounce off nearby objects – neurons in auditory system collect information from echoes

  21. Deaf Culture • Should doctors do everything possible to restore hearing in children who are born deaf or become deaf at an early age? • National Association of the Deaf – argues no because many procedures only partially restore hearing • What would their argument be against partially resorting hearing? • Deafness is not a disability but form of human diversity – can lead to a sharpening of other senses

  22. Chemical Senses Recall – Researches focus mostly on vision and then hearing – humans rely primarily on these two senses to gather info about their environment Chemical senses – smell and taste Smell – weaker in humans than most animals but still 10,000 more acute than taste

  23. Smell • Adaptation – odors gradually become less noticeable • Odor sensitivity – • Gender • Age • Anosmia– complete loss of smell (usually under estimated) • Page 85

  24. Pheromones Chemicals that communicate information to other organisms through smell Mammals have this second sensory system used for communicating sexual, aggressive, or territorial signals.

  25. Taste • Flavor – complex interaction of taste and smell • Plug nose when eat only experience taste – sweet, sour, salty, bitter • Taste buds- receptor cells for sense of taste located here • Tip of tongue- sweetness and saltiness • Back- bitterness • Sides- sourness

  26. Snack Time

  27. The Skin Senses • Largest sense organ – if you are 6 feet tall you have about 21 square feed of skin! • Protects us from the environment • Receptors for sense of touch – important role in human interaction and emotion • Most comforting sense • Skin receptors give the rise to sensations of pressure, temperature, and pain

  28. Writing Response • Individually – read applying psychology page 108 • What ways has touch been shown to be beneficial? • What should we do with these findings? (example: Should there be any changes made in society because of the results of these studies?)

  29. Phantom limb: 85% amputees – patient continues to feel the missing limb is still there (itch, tickle, cramp, pain) • Biopsychosocial theory • Biological mechanisms – degree to which tissue is injured & Genetics play a role • Psychological mechanisms – thoughts, beliefs, and emotions affect pain • Social mechanisms – degree of family support • Cultural expectations

  30. Alternative Treatments • Placebo effect: pain relief that occurs when a person believes a pill or procedure will reduce pain • Source of relief – endorphins

  31. Perception Perception vs Sensation Perception: the brain’s process Of organizing and making sense of sensory information -(recall) While sensation – raw sensory date the brain receives from our senses

  32. Sensation

  33. Perception

  34. Perceptual constancy • Once we have a stable perception we perceive objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information • Example: Recognize our house from any position, distance, lighting

  35. Perception – Gestalt • 20th century – Gestalt psychologists • How do we interpret sensory information? • Concluded – the brain creates a coherent perceptual experience that is more than simply the sum of sensory information • In other words – look at whole picture • Distinguish figure from ground • Cues missing – perception more difficult

  36. Gestalt – Law of Proximity

  37. Law of Similarity

  38. Law of Similarity

  39. Gestalt – Reification

  40. Multistability

  41. Perception of Distance and Depth • Monocular Cues • Interposition – object in front perceived as being closer

  42. Monocular Cues Linear Perspective – two parallel lines that extend into the distance seem to come together at some point

  43. Monocular Cues Elevation – the higher on the horizontal plane an object is the farther away it appears

  44. Monocular Cues Parallax Motion: Nearby objects seem to go faster where as farther away objects seem to move slowly http://psych.hanover.edu/krantz/MotionParallax/MotionParallax.html

  45. Monocular Cue • Relative height • Objects higher in our field of vision seem to be farther away from us • Vertical line seems farther away

More Related