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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

The Sociological Perspective. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 4. part. McGraw-Hill. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14. THE FAMILY AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS. Global View of the Family Studying the Family Marriage and Family Divorce Diverse Lifestyles

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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

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  1. The Sociological Perspective SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 4 part McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

  2. 14 THE FAMILY AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS • Global View of the Family • Studying the Family • Marriage and Family • Divorce • Diverse Lifestyles • Social Policy and the Family: Reproductive Technology

  3. Global View of the Family • Composition: What Is the Family? • Nuclear Family • The nuclear family is the nucleus or core upon which larger family groups are built. • Extended Family • An extended family is a family in which relatives such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles live in the same home as parents and their children.

  4. Global View of the Family • Composition: What Is the Family? • Monogamy • Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other. • Serial Monogamy • Serial monogamy is when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.

  5. Global View of the Family • Composition: What Is the Family? • Polygamy • Polygamy is a form of marriage allowing an individual to have several husbands or wives simultaneously. • Polygyny • Polygyny, a type of polygamy, is the marriage of a man to more than one woman at a time. • Polyandry • Polyandry, a type of polygamy, is the marriage of a woman to more than one husband at the same time.

  6. Global View of the Family • Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related? • Kinship • Kinship is the state of being related to others. • Bilateral Descent • Both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important.

  7. Global View of the Family • Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related? • Patrilineal descent • In patrilineal descent, only the father’s relatives are important. • Matrilineal descent • In matrilineal descent, only the mother’s relatives are significant.

  8. Global View of the Family • Authority Patterns: Who Rules? • Patriarchy • When males are expected to dominate in all family decision making, that society is a patriarchy. • Matriarchy • When women have greater authority than men, that society is a matriarchy. • Egalitarian family • A family in which spouses are regarded as equals.

  9. Global View of the Family • Figure 14.1: Households by Family Type, 1940–2000 Source: Fields and Casper 2001.

  10. Studying the Family • Functionalist View • The family serves six functions for society: • Reproduction • Protection • Socialization • Regulation of sexual behavior • Affection • Providing of social status

  11. Studying the Family • Conflict View • The conflict view believes that family reflects the inequality in wealth and power found within society. • The conflict view recognizes that historically, husbands exercised power and authority within the family. • The conflict view sees the family as an economic unit contributing to social injustice.

  12. Studying the Family • Interactionist View • The interactionist view focuses on the micro level of family and other intimate relationships. • The interactionist view is interested in how individuals interact with each other, whether they are cohabiting partners or long-term married couples.

  13. Studying the Family • Feminist View • Feminist theorists have urged social scientists and social agencies to rethink the notion that families in which no adult male is present are automatically a cause for concern. • Feminists stress the need to broaden family research to include not only gender, race, and social class, but human sexuality and the aging process.

  14. Studying the Family • Table 14.1: The Four Major Perspectives on the Family Theoretical Perspective Emphasis Functionalist The family as a contributor to social stability Roles of family members Conflict The family as a perpetuator of inequality Transmission of poverty or wealth across generations Interactionist Relationships among family members Feminist Family as a perpetuator of gender roles Female-headed households

  15. Studying the Family • Author James Steyer discusses his book The Other Parent (Click inside frame to start video)

  16. Marriage and Family • Courtship and Mate Selection • Aspects of Mate Selection • Endogamy: Endogamy specifies the groups within which a spouse must be found and prohibits marriage with members of other groups. • Exogamy: Exogamy requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one’s own family or certain kin.

  17. Marriage and Family • Courtship and Mate Selection • The Love Relationship • The coupling of love and marriage is not a cultural universal. • Many of the world’s cultures give priority in mate selection to other factors, such as in an arranged marriage

  18. Marriage and Family • Figure 14.2: Percentage of People Aged 20 to 24 Ever Married, Selected Countries Source: United Nations Population Division 2001.

  19. 5 or more people 4 people 3 people 2 people 1 person 1970 1980 1990 2000 Marriage and Family • Households by Size: 1970 to 2000 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. The Population Profile of the United States: 2000. Figure 5-2. (Internet Release) accessed at http://www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/profile2000.html#cont.

  20. Marriage and Family • Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships • Social Class Differences • The upper class emphasizes lineage and maintenance of family position. • Lower class families are likely to have only one parent at home, and children in lower class families typically assume adult responsibilities. • Women are often a significant source of economic support in poor families.

  21. Marriage and Family • Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships • Racial and Ethnic Differences • The subordinate status of racial and ethnic groups profoundly affects their family life. • Family patterns differ among racial and ethnic groups. • Family ties can serve as an economic boost within racial and ethnic groups.

  22. Marriage and Family • Figure 14.3: Rise of One-Parent Families among Whites, African Americans, Hispanic, and Asians or Pacific Islanders in the United States Source: Bureau of the Census 1994:63; Fields and Casper 2001:7.

  23. Marriage and Family • Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life • Parenthood and Grandparenthood • One of the most important roles of parents is socialization of children. • Recently, the United States has witnessed the extension of parenthood, as adult children continue to (or return to) live at home. This phenomenon is referred to as the “boomeranggeneration” or “full-nest syndrome.”

  24. Marriage and Family • Percent of Grandchildren in Poverty, Not Covered by Health Insurance, and Receiving Public Assistance by Selected Living Arrangements: March 2002 Source:U.S. Census Bureau, “Children’s Living Arrangements and Characteristics: March 2002,” Current Population Reports P20-547, by Jason Fields, issued June 2003. www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-547.pdf

  25. Marriage and Family • Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life • Adoption • Adoption is a process that “allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood” to a new legal parent or parents. • The largest single category of adoption in the United States is adoption by relatives. In most cases, a stepparent adopts the children of a spouse.

  26. Marriage and Family • ACLU Lesbian and Gay Rights Project Representative Matt Coles and Ken Connor from the Family Research Council Discuss Gay Adoption Ban Ruling (Click inside frame to start video)

  27. Marriage and Family • Table 14.2: Foreign-Born Adoptees by Top Ten Countries of Origin, 1989 and 2000 1989 2002 Number of Number of Children Country Rank Children Country 3,544 S. Korea 1 5,053 China 736 Colombia 2 4,939 Russia 648 India 3 2,219 Guatemala 465 Philippines 4 1,779 S. Korea 253 Chile 5 1,106 Ukraine 252 Paraguay 6 819 Kazakhstan Total, all Countries 6,654 20,099 Source: Department of State 2003.

  28. Marriage and Family • Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life • Dual-Income Families • Among married people between the ages of 25 and 34, 96 percent of the men and 72 percent of the women are in the labor force.

  29. Marriage and Family • Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life • Single-Parent Families • A single-parent family is one in which there is only one parent present to care for the children. • In 2000, a single parent headed about: • 21% of White families with children under 18 • 35% of Hispanic families with children • 55% of African American families with children

  30. Live births per 1,000 females Percent of all births 180 40 Births to unmarriedfemales (right scale) Birth rate for marriedfemales 15-44(left scale) 160 35 140 30 120 25 100 20 80 Birth rate for unmarriedfemales 15-44(left scale) 15 60 40 10 20 5 0 0 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Marriage and Family • Birth Rates for Married and Unmarried Females Source: Office of the President. 2000. Economic Report of the President: Transmitted to the Congress, February 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Chart 5-3 on p. 171.

  31. Marriage and Family • Births to Unmarried Women, by Country: 1980 to 1998 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Table 1331 on p. 836. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/01statab/stat-ab01.html.

  32. Marriage and Family • Children’s and Parents’ Nativity by Parent’s Education for Children Living with at Least One Parent: March 2002 Source:U.S. Census Bureau, “Children’s Living Arrangements and Characteristics: March 2002,” Current Population Reports P20-547, by Jason Fields, issued June 2003. www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-547.pdf

  33. Marriage and Family • Children Under Age 15 with Married Parents, One Stay-At-Home and One in the Labor Force: March 2002 Source:U.S. Census Bureau, “Children’s Living Arrangements and Characteristics: March 2002,” Current Population Reports P20-547, by Jason Fields, issued June 2003. www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-547.pdf

  34. Marriage and Family • Children with Single Parents and Proportion with Cohabitating Single Parent: March 2002 Source: US Census Bureau, “Children’s Living Arrangements and Characteristics: March 2002,” Current Population Reports P20-547, by Jason Fields, issued June 2003. www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-547.pdf

  35. Marriage and Family • Poverty Status of Custodial Parents:1993–1999 Source: US Census Bureau, “Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support,” Current Population Reports P60-217, by Timothy Grail, issued Oct. 2002. www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p60-217.pdf

  36. Marriage and Family • Custodial Parents Receiving Part of Full Child Support Payments Due: 1993–1999 Source: US Census Bureau, “Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support,” Current Population Reports P60-217, by Timothy Grail, issued Oct. 2002. www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p60-217.pdf

  37. Marriage and Family • Child-Rearing Patterns in Family Life • Stepfamilies • The rising rate of divorce and remarriage have led to a significant increase in stepfamily relationships. • Stepfamilies are an exceedingly complex form of family organization. • The exact nature of these blended families has social significance for children and adults alike, and re-socialization is often required for children and adults alike.

  38. Neither parent present Percent of children under 18who live with a grandparent Only father present 6 Only mother present Both parents present 5 4 3 2 1 0 1970 1980 1990 1998 Marriage and Family • Grandchildren in Grandparent’s Homes by Presence of Parents Source: Office of the President, 2000. Economic Report of the President: Transmitted to the Congress, February 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Chart 5-5 on p. 174.

  39. 2,000 Female victims 1,600 1,200 800 Male victims 400 0 1976 1982 1988 1994 1998 Marriage and Family • Number of Victims Murdered by an Intimate Partner Source: Callie Marie Rennison for the Bureau of Justice Statitics. 2001. Intimate Partner Violence. NCJ 178247, p. 1. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ipv.pdf.

  40. Intimate partner violenceper 1,000 females or males in each age category 25 20 15 10 Female 5 Male 0 12-15 16-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 65 or older Marriage and Family • Rate of Intimate Partner Violence by Age, 19931998 Source: Callie Marie Rennison for the Bureau of Justice Statitics. 2001. Figure 6 in Intimate Partner Violence. NCJ 178247. Accessible at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ipv.pdf.

  41. Divorce • Statistical Trends in Divorce • Approximately one-third of all people in the United States will marry, divorce, and then remarry. • Divorce rates increased in the late 1960s but then started to level off and even decline since the late 1980s.

  42. Divorce • Figure 14.4: Trends in Marriage and Divorce in the United States, 1920–2002 Source: Bureau of the Census 1975:64, 2000a; National Vital Statistics Reports 2003:3.

  43. Divorce • Factors Associated with Divorce • Divorce rates have increased largely because of the greater social acceptance of divorce. • Other factors include: • more liberal divorce laws • families have fewer children • greater family income • more opportunities for women

  44. Divorce • Impact of Divorce on Children • It would be simplistic to assume that children are automatically better off following the breakup of their parents. • Recent research suggests that the impact of divorce can extend beyond childhood, affecting a grown person’s ability to establish a lasting marital relationship.

  45. Diverse Lifestyles • Cohabitation • Male-female couples who choose to live together without marrying engage in cohabitation. • People who cohabitate include: • college students • working couples • the elderly

  46. Diverse Lifestyles • Remaining Single • More people are postponing entry into first marriages. • The trend toward maintaining a single lifestyle for a longer period of time is related to the growing economic independence of young people, especially women. • Remaining single represents a clear departure from societal expectations.

  47. Diverse Lifestyles • Figure 14.5: Unmarried-Couple Households by State Source: T. Simmons and O’Connell 2003:4.

  48. Diverse Lifestyles • Lesbian and Gay Relationships • Lifestyles of lesbians and gay men vary greatly. They: • live in long-term monogamous relationships • live in relationships and have adopted children. • live with children from former heterosexual marriages • In Canada in 2003, same-sex marriages were upheld as legal in the province of Ontario. • Many lesbians and gay men do not publicly acknowledge their homosexuality.

  49. Diverse Lifestyles • Marriage Without Children • An increasing number of couples today choose not to have children. • They consider themselves to be child-free, not childless. • Many practices in the workplace like childcare and scheduling are being questioned by child-free couples.

  50. Social Policy and The Family • Reproductive Technology • The Issue • Today we are witnessing aspects of reproductive technology that were regarded as science fiction just a generation ago. • To what extent should policy encourage or discourage innovative reproductive technology?

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