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Understanding Blood: Composition, Functions, and Disorders

Discover the intricate details of blood, the only fluid tissue in the human body. Learn about its components, such as plasma and formed elements, and their functions in maintaining health. Explore the importance of blood clotting, different blood groups, and the risks and challenges they pose. Gain insights into bleeding disorders, transfusions, and the fascinating process of erythrocyte production.

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Understanding Blood: Composition, Functions, and Disorders

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  1. Blood

  2. Blood • The only fluid tissue in the human body • Classified as a connective tissue • _______________= formed elements • _________________= plasma

  3. Blood Figure 10.1

  4. Blood Plasma • Composed of approximately __ percent water • Includes many dissolved substances • Nutrients • ______________ • Respiratory gases • ______________ • Proteins • ______________

  5. Plasma Proteins • _________ proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured • ______________ – help protect the body from antigens

  6. Formed Elements • ___________ = red blood cells • Leukocytes = ____________ cells • ___________ = cell fragments

  7. Photomicrograph of a Blood Smear Figure 10.2

  8. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood Table 10.2

  9. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood Table 10.2

  10. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) • The main function is to ______________ • Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes • __________________ • Essentially bags of hemoglobin • ___________________________ • Contain very few organelles • Outnumber white blood cells __________

  11. Hemoglobin • Iron-containing protein • Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen • Each hemoglobin molecule has ________________________________ • Each erythrocyte has ______ million hemoglobin molecules

  12. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease • These are complete cells, with a _________ and ____________ • Able to move into and out of blood vessels • Can move by __________ motion • Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

  13. Leukocyte Levels in the Blood • Normal levels are between _________ and ________ cells per millimeter • Abnormal leukocyte levels • _______________ • Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml • Generally indicates an infection • _______________ • Abnormally low leukocyte level • Commonly caused by certain drugs

  14. Leukocytes • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________

  15. Platelets • Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (________________) • Needed for the clotting process • Normal platelet count = __________________

  16. Hematopoiesis • ______________ formation • Occurs in ______________________ • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (_________________)

  17. Fate of Erythrocytes • Unable to ________________, or ______________________ • Wear out in _____________days • When worn out, are eliminated by ___________ in the _____ or ____ • Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts

  18. Control of Erythrocyte Production • Rate is controlled by a hormone (_______________) • ____________ produce most erythropoietin as a response to ______________ levels in the blood • Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

  19. Control of Erythrocyte Production Figure 10.5

  20. Blood Clotting • Blood usually clots within _________ minutes • The clot remains as ____________ regenerates • The clot is broken down after tissue repair

  21. Fibrin Clot Figure 10.7

  22. Undesirable Clotting • _____________ • A clot in an unbroken blood vessel • Can be deadly in areas like the _______ • _____________ • A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the ______________ • Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the ________

  23. Bleeding Disorders • ___________________ • ___________ deficiency • Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting • _____________ • _____________ bleeding disorder • Normal clotting factors are missing

  24. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Large losses of blood have serious consequences • Loss of __________ percent causes weakness • Loss of over _____ percent causes shock, which can be fatal • Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly • Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

  25. Human Blood Groups • Blood contains genetically determined proteins • A foreign protein (_________) may be attacked by the immune system • Blood is “typed” by using ___________ that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (_________________)

  26. Human Blood Groups • There are over _____ common red blood cell antigens • The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _________ and _____ blood group antigens

  27. ABO Blood Groups • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens • __________ • __________ • The lack of these antigens is called __________

  28. ABO Blood Groups • The presence of both A and B is called _________ • The presence of either A or B is called types ___________, respectively

  29. Rh Blood Groups • Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) • Most Americans are Rh+ • Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood

  30. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy • Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor

  31. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy • The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child • The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems • The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy • In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

  32. Blood Typing • Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum • Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type • Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner

  33. Blood Typing Figure 10.8

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