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Journal Club

Journal Club. 17 th March, 2003 Dr Ramon Varcoe. Which rectal cancers should. be treated with . PREOPERATIVE RADIATION ?. Background… “ There is evidence to support the rationale of giving radiotherapy before surgery while the SI is mobile and not fixed in the pelvis with adhesions..”.

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Journal Club

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  1. Journal Club 17th March, 2003 Dr Ramon Varcoe

  2. Which rectal cancers should be treated with PREOPERATIVE RADIATION ?

  3. Background…“There is evidence to support the rationale of giving radiotherapy before surgery while the SI is mobile and not fixed in the pelvis with adhesions..” Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. NEJM. 1997… • 1168 patients with rectal cancer stages I-III • Preop short course RT improved LR (11 vs 27%) and survival (58 vs 48%) Camma etal. (meta-analysis) JAMA. 2000… • 14 studies/6426 patients • Improved LR (OR 0.49/P<0.001) and overall mortality (OR 0.84/P0.03) with PRT

  4. Background … Camma etal. (meta-analysis) JAMA 2000… • 14 studies, 6426 patients • Early rectal cancers (T1/T2) show no benefit from preop radiation therapy Lopez-Kostner etal. (Cleveland) Surgery 1998… • Upper third rectal cancer behave like colon cancer in terms of LR and disease profile Marsh etal. (Manchester) DCR 1994… • 284 patients. Prospective, randomized controlled trial • Locally advanced (T4) low rectal cancers show reduced LR with preop RT but overall survival is similar

  5. PROBLEMS • Inaccurate PREOPERATIVE STAGING (ERUS is most sensitive for bowel wall invasion, 86% by Napoleon etal BJS 1991) • At the time of publication all trials that demonstrate benefits of PreopRT do not describe formal TME. Most Trials therefore have LR 25-50% instead of the expected 4-9% with TME Nb.The Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group Trial has since been published using TME and confirming the survival benefits seen in the Swedish trial

  6. “Preoperative Radiotherapy Improves Survival for Patients Undergoing Total Mesorectal Excision for Stage T3 Low Rectal Cancers” by C.Delaney, I.Lavery, A.Brenner, J.Hammel, A.Senagore, R.Noone and V.Fazio Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA Annals of Surgery 236(2), 2002, 203-7

  7. OBJECTIVE • Examine effects of Preoperative Radiotherapy (PRT) ON • T3 low rectal cancers • Undergoing TME rectal excision

  8. STUDY DESIGN • Retrospective • 1980-2001 • Adenocarcinoma of rectum <8cm from AV • Undergoing Anterior Resection or APR • T3 tumours on histology • T3 on ERUS (cohort group) Excluded if… • Proven metastatic disease • Had Post-op radiotherapy or chemotherapy

  9. STUDY DESIGN… • “Long course radiotherapy” 40-50 Gy over 4-6 weeks then surgery 4-6 weeks later • “Total mesorectal excision (TME) surgery” Excision of the mesorectum with its investing fascial layer preserving the pre-sacral autonomic nerves and Denonvillier’s fascia

  10. RESULTS • 259 patients • 92 had PRT, 167 did not • Matched with similar but not identical demographic data (see table 1), similar tumour details and surgical procedures • An ultrasound control group was incorporated to attempt to nullify the potential for histological down staging with PRT

  11. The treatment group is significantly younger

  12. Overall survival benefit after treatment with PRT Cancer specific survival benefit also dominated by node negative tumours Local recurrence rates were also marginally reduced with PRT

  13. Overall survival is significantly improved by giving radiation in this 2-5 cm group Show me the money In the same group cancer specific survival is also significantly improved

  14. Again overall survival is improved with PRT, driven by the node negative group

  15. CONCLUSIONS • T3 tumours less than 8 cm from AV should be treated with PRT • Especially node negative tumours • Especially tumours 2-5 cm • Insufficient evidence to exclude subgroups of T3 tumours from treatment at this stage

  16. Trial strengths… • Two established surgeons • Standardised technique of TME • Large numbers

  17. Problems with this trial… • Retrospective • 38 of the 92 that had PRT also had simultaneous chemotherapy (interestingly they had a worse OS; 53.2 vs 71.0%) • Downstaging effect of PRT may affect histology This potential histology inaccuracy creates a crucial flaw in the study design

  18. The next question is "Do we use long course or short course radiation ?"

  19. The Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG) Trial“A Randomised Trial of Preoperative Radiotherapy for Stage T3 Adenocarcinoma of Rectum”

  20. TROG trial • Commenced July 2001 • Multicentre (17 so far) • More than 100 patients recruited

  21. The End

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