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Europe and the World in the 1700s

Europe and the World in the 1700s. Map Work. Where were the largest states in the 1700s?. The Ottoman Empire. Head of Government Sultan Religion Islam Distinctive Feature of Government Sultan had absolute power Minorities grouped under their religions Most European contact with

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Europe and the World in the 1700s

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  1. Europe and the World in the 1700s

  2. Map Work • Where were the largest states in the 1700s?

  3. The Ottoman Empire • Head of Government • Sultan • Religion • Islam • Distinctive Feature of Government • Sultan had absolute power • Minorities grouped under their religions • Most European contact with • Austria and Russia

  4. The Ottoman Empire • No distinction is attached to birth among the Turks; the deference to be paid to a man is measured by the position he holds in the public service. There is no fighting for precedence; a man's place is marked out by the duties he discharges. In making his appointments the Sultan pays no regard to any pretensions on the score of wealth or rank, nor does he take into consideration recommendations or popularity, he considers each case on its own merits, and examines carefully into the character, ability, and disposition of the man whose promotion is in question. It is by merit that men rise in the service, a system which ensures that posts should only be assigned to the competent. Each man in Turkey carries in his own hand his ancestry and his position in life, which he may make or mar as he will. Those who receive the highest offices from the Sultan are for the most part the sons of shepherds or herdsmen, and so far from being ashamed of their parentage, they actually glory in it, and consider it a matter of boasting that they owe nothing to the accident of birth; for they do not believe that high qualities are either natural or hereditary, nor do they think that they can be handed down from father to son, but that they are partly the gift of' God… • OgierGhiselin de Busbecq: The Turkish Letters, 1555-1562 …and partly the result of good training, great industry, and unwearied zeal; arguing that high qualities do not descend from a father to his son or heir, any more than a talent for music, mathematics, or the like; and that the mind does not derive its origin from the father, so that the son should necessarily be like the father in character, our emanates from heaven, and is thence infused into the human body. Among the Turks, therefore, honours, high posts, and judgeships are the rewards of great ability and good service. If a man be dishonest, or lazy, or careless, he remains at the bottom of the ladder, an object of contempt; for such qualities there are no honours in Turkey! This is the reason that they are successful in their undertakings, that they lord it over others, and are daily extending the bounds of their empire. These are not our ideas, with us there is no opening left for merit; birth is the standard for everything; the prestige of birth is the sole key to advancement in the public service.

  5. The Mughal Empire • Head of Government • Emperor • Religion • Islam and Hindu • Distinctive Feature of Government • Powerful central government but also semi-independent regions • Most European contact with • England and France

  6. The Mughal Empire • He who reigned there was called Chah-Jehan [i.e., Shah Jahan], ---that is to say, king of the world; who, according to the history of that country… he was the tenth of those that were descended from Timur-Lengue [i.e., Timur Lang] which signifies the lame prince, commonly and corruptly called Tamerlane, so renowned for his conquests; [the] Moguls, who have left and communicated their name to the strangers that now govern Indostan, the country of the Indians; though those that are employed in public charges and offices, and even those that are listed in the militia, be not all of the race of the Moguls, but strangers and nations gathered out of all countries, most of them Persians, some Arabians, and some Turks. For, to be esteemed a Mogul it is enough to be a stranger, white of face, and a Mohammedan; in distinction as well to the Indians, who are brown and pagans, as to the Christians of Europe, who are called Franguis [i.e., "Ferengis" or "Franks"]. . . . • François Bernier: An Account of India and the Great Moghul, 1655 CE My lord, you may have seen before this, by the maps of Asia, how great every way is the extent of the empire of the Great Mogul, which is commonly called India or Indostan. I have not measured it mathematically; but to speak of it according to the ordinary journeys of the country, after the rate of three whole months' march, traversing from the frontiers of the kingdom of Golconda as far as beyond Kazni near Kandahar, which is the first town of Persia, I cannot but persuade myself otherwise but that it is at least five times as far as from Paris to Lyons, ---that is, about five hundred common leagues. . . In this same extent of country there are sundry nations which the Mogul is not full master of, most of them still retaining their particular sovereigns and lords that neither obey him nor pay him tribute but from constraint; many that do little, some that do nothing at all, and some also that receive tribute from him. . .

  7. The Manchu Empire • Head of Government • Emperor • Religion • Confucian • Distinctive Feature of Government • Imperial bureaucracy selected by Imperial Examinations • Most European contact with • Minor contact with Portugal then England in 1800. From 1500s to 1800s China favored isolation

  8. The Manchu EmpireK'angHsi: The Sacred Edicts (1670) • 1. Highly esteem filial piety and the proper relations among brothers (1) in order to give due importance to social relations. • 2. Give due weight to kinship in order to promote harmony and peace. • 3. Maintain good relations within the neighborhood in order to prevent quarrels and lawsuits. • 4. Give due importance to farming and the cultivation of mulberry trees (2) in order to ensure sufficient clothing and food. • 5. Be moderate and economical in order to avoid wasting away your livelihood. • 6. Make the most of schools and academies in order to honor the ways of scholars. • 7. Denounce strange beliefs (3) in order to elevate the true doctrine. • 8. Explain laws and regulations in order to warn the ignorant and obstinate. • 9. Show propriety and courtesy to improve customs and manners. • 10. Work hard in your professions in order to quiet your ambitions. • 11. Instruct sons and younger brothers in order to prevent their committing any wrong. • 12. Put a stop to false accusations in order to protect the good and honest. • 13. Warn against giving shelter to deserters in order to avoid punishment with them. • 14. Promptly and fully pay your taxes in order to avoid forced requisition. • 15. Get together in groups of ten or a hundred in order to put an end to theft and robbery. • 16. Free yourself from resentment and anger in order to show respect for your body and life.

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