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History of Medicne. Body Systems. Medical Traditions. Throughout the world there are numerous strands of medical traditions however, we will focus on three. Ayurveda Traditional Chinese Medicine African Medical Traditions . Ayurveda. Originates from India
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History of Medicne Body Systems
Medical Traditions • Throughout the world there are numerous strands of medical traditions however, we will focus on three. • Ayurveda • Traditional Chinese Medicine • African Medical Traditions
Ayurveda • Originates from India • Comes from the words Ayus (life) and Veda (knowledge or science) • The body has three main forces called Doshas • Your health, character and appearance are inlfuenced by the dominant Doshas
Ayurveda as a Treatment • The goal of ayurvedic medicine is to bring the Doshas into a balance. • The pulse and the physical appearance can provide clues as to what is causing the imbalance. • Some therapies are designed to purge symptoms (vomiting,enemas), other to smooth symptoms • Concerned with preventing illness
Traditional Chinese Medicine • Weather, spirits and the time of day can all affect you according to TCM. • A cosmic energy force called qi (chi) connects everything in the universe and allows the surroundings to influence you. • Qi must flow freely through the body to promote harmony. • The qi is divided into ying and yang
TCM as a Therapy • Illness is a symptom of an imbalance of ying and yang • Qi may be blocked, weak or imbalanced • Ying and yang influence appearance, pulse, sounds and smells of your body • Acupuncture, drugs or moxibustion are common treatments • Don´t have to be ill before treatment
African Traditional Medicine • Varied throughout the continent, several similar features • Community based, holistic approach to medicine • Physical and spiritual aspects are equally important • Some illnesses are related specifically to one or the other
ATM • Healers might ask why you are ill, diviners with special powers might be asked to find the source of disease • Treatments depend on the source of the problem • Massage and herbalist remedies are common • Communal song and dance are also prescribed frequently as remedies
Western Medical Traditions- Ancient Greece • Humourism- belief that the body is composed of four basic substances (4 humours) in harmony when the body is healthy • Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood • Treatments include bleeding and application of hot cups
Andreas Vesalius • Prior to Vesalius learning anatomy consisted of reading the texts of ancient Greek physicians • First to use hands on dissections to teach about anatomy • Instead of digging up bodies in the dark he started to be allowed to do dissections on executed criminals • Produced fantastic diagrams based on human experimentation (Galen’s drawings were from apes)
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the fabric of the human body)
Ambroise Pare • Pioneered many surgical treatments and specialized in the treatment of wounds • Used a mixture including turpentine to heal wounds (cleaned the wound) • Used ligatures of arteries to reduce blood flow and slow bleeding
Ambroise Pare • Used cauterization techniques prior to amputation • Hypothesized that phantom pain after amputation arose in the brain • Revived the practice of podalic versiori to deliver babies not coming out safely
Bezoar Stone Experiment • The Bezoar stone was reputed to be able to cure the effects of any poison • Pare’s cook was caught steeling silverware • The cook agreed to be poisoned to determine if the stone infact worked • The cook died days later proving that the Bezoar stone had no miraculous healing properties
William Harvey • Described the process of blood being pumped around the body by the heart • Discovered how valves in the veins work • Postulated that the circulatory system was closed and that the heart re-circulated throughout the body • Clashed with Galen’s concept that blood was created in the liver and that there were two types of blood
William Harvey • Theorized that there are two separate loops of the circulatory system, one to the lungs and the other to the rest of the body • Carried out dissections showing that embryos do not possess characteristics of adults
Science and Medicine • Science, with its focus on observation and experimentation has lead to great advances in medicine • The following have all improved the efficacy of medicinal practice: • Germ theory • Bacteriology • Chemical analysis • Diagnostic technologies • Drug therapies
Germ Theory • The source of disease and illness is biological stemming from virulent bacteria and viruses • Prevention of disease by sanitation and vaccination • Cure through anti-biotics
Bacteriology • The study of bacteria has yielded numerous anti-biotics and an understanding about the positive and negative roles they have
Chemical Analysis • Chemical analysis of body fluids can lead to a better understanding of how the body works and how diseases can be treated.
Diagnostic technologies • Ultrasound, X-rays, Endoscopes, MRI and a number of other technologies can diagnose diseases easily and allow the practitioner to select an appropriate treatment.
Drug Therapies • Using scientific experimentation a number of drugs have been developed for a wide array of diseases
