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Wind Power History

Drag Lift. Wind Power History. 1400 – 1800 years ago, in the Middle East. 800 – 900 years ago in Europe. 140 years ago, water-pumping wind mills. 70 years ago, electric power. HAWT - Upwind.

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Wind Power History

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  1. Drag Lift Wind Power History 1400 – 1800 years ago,in the Middle East 800 – 900 years ago in Europe 140 years ago,water-pumpingwind mills 70 years ago, electric power

  2. HAWT - Upwind • Configuration:2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail • Blades:Fiber-reinforced plastics • Over-Speed Protection:Furling (rotor turns out of the wind) • Generator:Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW

  3. Southwest WindpowerFlagstaff, Arizonawww.windenergy.com Whisper 2001000 W AIR-X400 W Whisper 100900 W Whisper 5003 kW

  4. Bergey WindpowerNorman, Oklahoma www.bergey.com BWC XL.11 kW BWC Excel10 kW

  5. Specifications • Rotor Diameter: 8.2 ft (2.5 m) • Rotor Area: 53 ft2 (4.9 m2) • Rated Power: 1,000 W • Peak Power: ~1,800 W • Rated Wind Speed: 24.6 mph (11 m/s) • Rated Rotor Speed: 490 RPM • Start-up Wind Speed: 6.7 mph (3 m/s) • Cut-in Wind Speed: 5.6 mph (2.5 m/s) • Furling Wind Speed: 29 mph (13 m/s) • Cut-out Wind Speed: None • Max. Design Wind Speed: 120 mph (54 m/s) • Net Weight: 75 lbs (34 kgs) • Shipping Weight: 95 lbs (43 kgs) Power Curve

  6. Turbine Components

  7. Technical Features 185 Lb Engineer (dead weight) • Super-strong Pultruded Blades • 4 Times Stronger Than Carbon Reinforced Injection Molded Blades • Custom Airfoil – Efficient & Quiet • Special Noise Reducing Blade Treatments (trip strip and tip trim)

  8. Technical Features • AutoFurl High Wind and Storm Protection • Exceptional Low Wind Speed Performance – Due to Airfoil & Micro-Processor Controlled Boost Circuit • 20% Higher System Efficiency, Compared to the Competition • Turbine can be Safely Run Unloaded

  9. XL.1 Installations

  10. Value Package: 1 kW Remote.System

  11. Value Package: 1.2 kW Hybrid.System

  12. BWC Excel

  13. BWC Excel-SAmerica’s Leading Residential Wind Turbine • Rated at 10 kW • Over 800 Installed • ~ 80% Market Share in the 5 – 15 kW Size Range • Primary Turbine in the US-DOE Field Verification Program • Demonstrated to be the Most Reliable and Durable Small Wind Turbine on the Market • 5 Year Warranty (Industry’s Longest)

  14. Specifications • Rotor Diameter: 20.2 ft (6.2 m) • Rotor Area: 320 ft2 (30.2 m2) • Rated Power: 10 kW (Grid), 7.5 kW (Battery) • Peak Power: ~11 W (Grid), ~ 8.5 kW(Battery) • Rated Wind Speed: 31 mph (14 m/s) • Rated Rotor Speed: 300 RPM • Start-up Wind Speed: 7.5 mph (3.4 m/s) • Cut-in Wind Speed: 7.5 mph (3.4 m/s) • Furling Wind Speed: 36 mph (16 m/s) • Cut-out Wind Speed: None • Max. Design Wind Speed: 120 mph (54 m/s) • Net Weight: 1,020 lbs (464 kgs) • Shipping Weight: 1,250 lbs (568 kgs) Power Curve

  15. Why Only 7.5 kW for the Excel-R ? • Voltage from a PM alternator will vary linearly with speed • Batteries can only operate over a limited voltage range • Therefore, without a boost converter, the system performance (alternator windings) must be optimized for either low wind performance or high wind performance • Low wind speed performance has a bigger effect on energy production and percent of time charging • The Excel’s optimized low wind performance reduces peak power

  16. Advanced Blades • Super-strong Pultruded Blades • Much Stronger Than Molded Fiberglass or Wood Blades • New Custom Airfoil – Efficient & Quiet – No Pitch Weights • Special Noise Reducing Blade Treatments (tip trim) BWC is the Only Small Wind Turbine Company That Designs its own Airfoils New BWC SH 3052 Airfoil

  17. Wide Tower Selection • Guyed Lattice, 60’ – 120’ • Tilt-up Guyed Lattice, 60’ – 100’ • Self-Supporting Lattice, 60’ – 120’ • New Guyed Towers, Standard and Tilt-up, Designs Manufactured by BWC • Engineering Analyses

  18. Value Package: 10 kW GridTek

  19. Value Package: 7.5 kW Home.Sure

  20. Abundant Renewable EnergyNewberg, Oregon www.abundantre.com ARE44210 kW

  21. Abundant Renewable EnergyNewberg, Oregon www.abundantre.com ARE1102.5 kW

  22. Wind Turbine Industries, Inc. Prior Lake, Minnesota www.windturbine.net Jacobs 31-2020 kW (also: 23-10, 23-12.5, 26-15, 26-17.5) Estimated Annual output (kWh)

  23. All outputs are based on Rayleigh Distribution, outputs will vary depending on tower height. All outputs are based on Rayleigh Distribution, outputs will vary depending on tower height. All outputs are based on Rayleigh Distribution, outputs will vary depending on tower height.

  24. FuhrländerLorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island www.lorax-energy.com FL 250250 kW FL 100100 kW FL 3030 kW

  25. Over-Speed Protection During High Winds • Upward Furling:The rotor tilts back during high winds

  26. Over-Speed Protection During High Winds • Angle Governor:The rotor turns up and to one side

  27. Over-Speed Protection During High Winds • Side Furling:The rotor turns to one side under high winds

  28. wind HAWT - Downwind • Configuration:2 or 3 blades, no tail, blades face downwind • Blades:Fiber-reinforced plastics • Over-Speed Protection:Zebedee Furl (blade coning), tip brakes, stall regulation • Generator:Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation Proven WT600

  29. Proven Engineering Products, Ltd.Scotland, United Kingdom www.provenenergy.com WT600600 W WT2500 2.5 kW WT60006 kW

  30. Proven Blade Coning • Flexible Zebedee hinge • As RPM increases, blades are thrown outwards by centrifugal force • Changes aerodynamic pitch • 10-15 year hinge life

  31. VAWT – Drag & Lift • Configuration:Lift or Drag • Drag: Anemometer, Savonius • Lift:Darrieus, H-Darrieus Anemometer Savonius Mother Earth News Darrieus

  32. Savonius (S-rotor) • Make from buckets, paddles, sails, and oil drums • originated in Finland • tsr ≈ 1 • Can be useful for grinding grain, pumping water, and many other tasks • …but are not good for generating electricity (low speed, high torque)

  33. Darrieus Lift-Type Vertical-Axis Machines Darrieus, curved blades • French engineer Georges Darrieus patented the design in 1931 • Plus: generator on ground, yawing not required • Minus: low to ground, low efficiency, not self-starting, vibration, high bearing forces H-Darrieus, straight blades

  34. Darrieus/Savonius combo

  35. Beech Mountain Turbines SWWP AirX 400W 33kWh/mon SWWP Whisper H40 900W 155 kWh/mo Bergey XL.1 1000W 185kWh/mo African AWP3.6 1500W 362kWh/mo SWWP Whisper 175 3000W 697kWh/mo Jacobs 31-20 20kW 3991kWh/mo

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