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The Role of the Behavioural Investigative Adviser (BIA) in the Investigative Interviewing Process

The Role of the Behavioural Investigative Adviser (BIA) in the Investigative Interviewing Process. Lee Rainbow - BIA Head of Profession, NPIA Investigator – Investigative Interviewing Conference University of Derby, Buxton 28 th June 2011. Presentation Overview.

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The Role of the Behavioural Investigative Adviser (BIA) in the Investigative Interviewing Process

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  1. The Role of the Behavioural Investigative Adviser (BIA) in the Investigative Interviewing Process Lee Rainbow - BIA Head of Profession, NPIA Investigator – Investigative Interviewing Conference University of Derby, Buxton 28th June 2011

  2. Presentation Overview • Introduction to Behavioural Investigative Advice (BIA) • BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing • Traditional • Contemporary • Strategic Restructuring • Standard Operating Procedures www.npia.police.uk

  3. Current ACPO Policy Behavioural Investigative Advice should be understood to consist of a range of methods used to develop advice for investigators, based on the study of behaviour exhibited in the commission of crime(s) and the drawing of inferences about the offender(s) ACPO Crime Committee 1999 www.npia.police.uk

  4. Contemporary Distinction The critical distinction between BIAs and EAs is the BIA’s reliance on behaviour exhibited during the commission of an offence as the source material for inference generation and the holistic approach to the investigative process In contrast, an EA is called upon to answer a specific question and within a psychological perspective is usually drawing inferences from an assessment of a specific individual www.npia.police.uk

  5. What is a BIA? • Someone with an academic background in the behavioural sciences • Someone with an extensive experience of major crime investigation • Someone offering assistance to the investigation from a perspective different to your own • Someone with a focus firmly on investigation – not ‘psychological interest’ www.npia.police.uk

  6. What is a BIA NOT? • An investigator • An interviewer / interrogator • Fully cognisant with relevant legislation • Someone who “gets inside the mind of a killer” • Someone who can “push the right buttons” • An expert in everything www.npia.police.uk

  7. Professionalising BIA - 2001 • Replaced term ‘Offender Profiler’ with BIA • NPIA central cadre of BIAs • ACPO Approved BIAs • Set of working practices • Annual audit & evaluation process www.npia.police.uk

  8. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Potential Contributions • Generic interviewing advice • Interviewee specific advice • e.g. personality (disorders), cognitive distortions, fantasy, attitudes and beliefs, etc • Crime scene specific advice • e.g. sequence of events, motivation, paraphilias, use of violence, veracity, etc www.npia.police.uk

  9. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Generic Interviewing Advice • Questionable whether such advice is required from psychologist • Significant generic findings already integrated into standard Police techniques (i.e. cognitive interview) • Question ‘value add’ and own competency www.npia.police.uk

  10. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Interviewee specific advice • Nature and timing of arrest • Who is to make the arrest • Characteristics of interviewers • Duration of interviews • Timings of interviews • Order of questions asked • When and how to make challenges • Topics to include / avoid • What would be the most effective first question • How might questions be most effectively worded • How can rapport be most effectively established and maintained www.npia.police.uk

  11. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Interviewee Specific Advice • Identification and prediction of salient behavioural characteristics of the individual • Identify how these characteristics will influence their behaviour during interview • Create a strategy which will minimise any negative influences and maximise any positive influences www.npia.police.uk

  12. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Interviewee Specific Advice • Positive outcome may be regarded as maximising interaction and the quantity and quality of information disclosed • Negative outcome may be regarded as minimising interaction and promoting confabulation and fabrication www.npia.police.uk

  13. Traditional Scope of ContributionPersonality Disorders • Paranoid • Pervasive apprehension of others • Presents as suspicious, mistrustful & hypersensitive • Emphasis to the interviewee the need to state his version of events before people start believing what others may say • Stress the importance of the interviewers position within the investigation www.npia.police.uk

  14. Traditional Scope of ContributionPersonality Disorders • Histrionic • Perceives life as mundane and boring, crave attention and excitement • Presents as overly dramatic, reactive and manipulative • Flatter their intelligence, independence or other appropriate personality trait • Emphasise need to ‘resolve the situation’ • Avoid emotional manipulation and ‘wait out’ any crying, tantrums, etc www.npia.police.uk

  15. Traditional Scope of ContributionPersonality Disorders • Psychopathy • Superficially charming and intelligent, yet unreliable, dishonest, insincere, manipulative and egocentric • Forget rapport building • Avoid criticism • Seek to learn • Avoid conveying emotions www.npia.police.uk

  16. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Expertise • Psychologists • Forensic – the application of psychology to the study of crime and criminality • Clinical – The application of psychology to the treatment and management of psychological and behavioural problems • Psychiatrists • Medically trained with focus on the treatment and management of mental disorders and behavioural problems www.npia.police.uk

  17. Contemporary Distinction The critical distinction between BIAs and EAs is the BIA’s reliance on behaviour exhibited during the commission of an offence as the source material for inference generation and the holistic approach to the investigative process In contrast, an EA is called upon to answer a specific question and within a psychological perspective is usually drawing inferences from an assessment of a specific individual www.npia.police.uk

  18. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Interviewee Specific Advice • Distinction between clinical diagnosis and investigative utility • Particularly significant when addressing personality disorders • NOT directed towards securing a confession • NOT directed towards manipulating or tricking interviewee www.npia.police.uk

  19. Traditional Scope of ContributionIssues • How many of your interviewees have personality disorders? • If they haven’t, why use is a BIA? • Is a BIA whose competency and experience in interviewing is focussed on disorders any better than yourselves in interviewing suspects/witnesses? • If you’re unsure, what will the BIA need to form an opinion? • ‘Horses for courses’ – need for matching of exact expertise • What is actually of most value from a BIA perspective? www.npia.police.uk

  20. Strategic Restructuring - 2011 • BIA Strategic review 2010 • Now reached the point where all UK demand can be dealt with centrally • Satisfying strategic aim set in 2001 • No longer a need for external BIAs www.npia.police.uk

  21. Psychological Interview Consultants • Distinction between those psychologists providing interview strategy advice regarding specific individuals and the more traditional offence led role of BIAs made explicit • Responsibility for the management, delivery, quality control and associated issues of the former to fall under the ACPO Investigative Interviewing Committee • Psychological Interview Consultants (PICs) www.npia.police.uk

  22. ACPO Investigative Interviewing CommitteePsychological Interview Consultants www.npia.police.uk

  23. Behavioural Investigative Advice- Contemporary Scope of Contribution • Veracity Advice • Predictive Profiling • Case Linkage Analysis • Prioritisation Matrices • Investigative Suggestions • Crime Scene Assessment • Media Advice • InterviewAdvice • Nominal Pool Generation • Familial DNA Prioritisation • C.A.T.C.H.E.M. Database www.npia.police.uk

  24. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Veracity Assessment • Move away from provision of definitive opinion regarding veracity • Behavioural Investigative Opportunities (highlighting behavioural consistencies and inconsistencies) • Consideration of underlying reasons for false report www.npia.police.uk

  25. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Crime Scene Specific Advice • Greater understanding of the offence should assist in the interviewing process • Inferences regarding the offender from crime scene assessment • Hypotheses testing www.npia.police.uk

  26. Last sighting approx XX:XX at XXXX tube Station Killed at XXX Wood Killed at offender premises Dumped where killed Body moved to body recovery site Body moved to body recovery site Homophobic Sexually motivated Rage / dispute Financial gain BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing - Crime Scene Assessment www.npia.police.uk

  27. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- Crime Scene Assessment / Profiling • An initial crime scene assessment will guide the interviewers surrounding the offender • Will act as potential identifier of any possible psychological/personality disorders • Will identify gaps/inconsistencies/ambiguities in the information • Is based on a thorough examination of the offence with supporting rationale www.npia.police.uk

  28. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing SHOULD; • Increase understanding of the offence • Increase understanding of the offender • Maximise successful interaction SHOULDN’T • Compromise Police agenda • Manipulate interviewee • Be outside of BIA competence www.npia.police.uk

  29. A Behavioural Investigative Adviser’s input to an interview strategy should be viewed as: Decision Support NOT Decision Making www.npia.police.uk

  30. Responsibilities of the SIO / Interview Adviser • Provide the BIA with the access & resources required • Establish clear terms of reference • Insist on a written report • Be critical. Scrutinise opinions. Challenge and explore any assumptions that are being made • Ensure that inferences are logical, coherent and not contradictory • Continually ask the question “So what?” • Integrate advice into interview • Maintain contact with the BIA www.npia.police.uk

  31. Standard Operating Procedures (NPIA) • Whenever advice is sought in relation to interviewing from a behavioural or psychological perspective, such advice should always be provided in partnership with an appropriate Interview Adviser. • Interview adviser maintains primacy. • BIA deployment should not be seen as a procedural requirement, but a carefully considered option. www.npia.police.uk

  32. BIA Input into Investigative Interviewing- The Way Forward • Joint conference between ACPO Approved BIAs, PICs & ACPO Approved Interview Advisers • Detailed working practices, protocols and policies to be progressed in partnership with relevant stakeholders • Fully integrated approach www.npia.police.uk

  33. Lee RainbowBIA Head of ProfessionNPIA – Crime Operational SupportMobile: 07808 9007933lee.rainbow@npia.pnn.police.uk Any Questions?

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