THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

1. THE NATIONAL ECONOMY 1790 TO 1860

2. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS • STARTS IN BRITAIN • THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY • SLOW TO DEVELOP UN U.S.

3. HOW DID IT START IN THE U.S.? • SAMUEL SLATER “FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM” • MOSES BROWN FINANCED SLATER. • ELI WHITNEY • COTTON GIN • INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

4. NEW ENGLAND BECOMES INDUSTRIAL CENTER • POOR SOIL • DENSE POPULATION • RIVER SYSTEM FOR POWER • GOOD HARBORS • IMPACT OF JEFFERSON’S EMBARGO • AND 1812 BLOCKADE

5. OTHER INVENTIONS • ELIAS HOWE – THE SEWING MACHINE 1846 • ISAAC SINGER IMPROVES THE SEWING MACHINE • READY MADE CLOTHING INDUSTRY • SUCCESS BREEDS MORE INVENTIONS

6. MORE … • JOHN DEER STEEL PLOW 1837 • CYRUS McCORMICK –THE REAPER • ROBERT FULTON- 1807 “THE CLERMONT” STEAMBOAT • ROBERT MORSE- 1844 TELEGRAPH

7. NEW WAYS OF FINANCE • NEW YORK GENERAL INCORPORATION LAW 1848 • ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS: • POOL CAPITAL • LIMITED LIABILITY • PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT • IMMORTAL

8. PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • THE FACTORY SYSTEM • EXPLOITATION OF WORKERS • CAUSES EARLY LABOR UNIONS • GOALS OF LABOR UNIONS • COLLECTIVE BARGAINING • HOW MANAGEMENT RESISTS UNIONS

9. UNIONS ARE ILLEGAL CONSPIRACIES • VIEWED AS COMMUNISTIC • A SMALL STEP FORWARD FOR UNIONS • COMMONWEALTH V HUNT 1842: COURT DECLARES UNIONS ARE NOT ILLEGAL CONSPIRACIES AS LONG AS THEY USE HONORABLE MEANS.

10. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • PARALLELS INDUSTRIAL GROWTH • OHIO VALLEY BECOMES AGRICULTURAL CENTER. • “CASH CROPS” • RIVERS ARE NOW TWO WAY STREETS • THE RIVER BOAT BOOM

11. THE CANAL FRENZY • ERIE CANAL 1825 REDUCES COST OF TRANSPORTATION • DE WITT CLINTON THE BUILDER • SUCCESS LEADS TO MORE CANAL PROJECTS

12. EARLY RAILROADS • BRITISH BUILD THE FIRST • FIRST U.S. RAILROAD THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO (B & O) 1828 • BY 1860 30,000 MILES OF TRACK (MOST IN THE NORTH)

13. TRANSPORTATION TIES THE UNION TOGETHER • EARLY PATTERN NORTH TO SOUTH BECAUSE OF RIVERS • BY 1840 A NEW PATTERN EAST TO WEST • THE NATIONAL ROAD FROM VIRGINIA TO ILLINOIS

15. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON WEALTH • EARLY AMERICA WAS NOTED FOR EQUALITY • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WIDENS GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR • FIRST MILLIONAIRE: JOHN JACOB ASTOR • CITIES BRING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND SLUMS • “SOCIAL MOBILITY”

16. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE • U.S. EXPORTS COTTON, CORN, WHEAT • “THE BLACK BALL LINE” FIRST SCHEDULED SHIPPING BETWEEN BRITAIN & U.S. • 1819 THE SAVANNAH THE FIRST OCEAN GOING STEAM VESSEL • U.S. RELIES ON THE “YANKEE CLIPPER” SHIP DESIGNED BY DONALD McKAY

17. THE ATLANTIC CABLE • CYRUS FIELDS TRIES TO TIE U.S. & EUROPE TOGETHER WITH TELEGRAPH CABLE • FAILS 5 TIME, SUCCESS ON THE 6TH TRY.

18. REFORM AND CULTURE 1790-1860

19. The Second Great Awakening • State of American religion in early 18th century • 75% of 23 million Americans attended church regularly • Many church-goers had become more liberal in their thinking around 1800 • Effects • Converted countless souls • Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects. • Fostered new reform movements: Prison reform, temperance, women's movement, and abolition. • Spread to the masses on the frontier by huge "camp meetings" • Peter Cartwright best known of Methodist "circuit riders“ (traveling preachers) • Charles Grandison Finney the greatest of revival preachers

20. Denominational Diversity • "Burned-Over District: Western NY, many New England Puritans had settled there and the region became known for its "hellfire and damnation" sermons; fragmentation occurred. • Wealthier, better-educated levels of society not as affected by revivalism • Less prosperous, less "learned" communities in the rural South and West most affected by revivalism • Slavery issue split Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians along sectional lines. • Mormons

21. An Age of Reform • Most reforms driven by evangelical religion (Second Great Awakening) • Many of these modern idealists dreamed anew the old Puritan vision of a perfected society. • Many desired to reaffirm traditional values as society plunged • Women particularly prominent in reform crusades, esp. in their struggle for suffrage. • Movements offered many middle-class women opportunities to escape the confines of home and enter public affairs.

22. Major Issues • Abolition of slavery • Temperance • Women’s rights • Education reform • Ending war • Conditions for the mentally ill • Prison reform -- Push for reformatories rather than punitive institutions • Ending imprisonment for debt

23. Crusade against alcohol • Alcohol abuse rampant in 19th c. America • American Temperance Society • T.S. Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854) described in shocking detail how a secure village was transformed by Sam Slade's tavern. • 2nd best seller of the 1850s behind Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.         • Two Major strategies in early battles against alcohol • Temperance -- Moderate use of alcohol rather than abstention • Illegalize alcohol • Neal S. Dow "Father of Prohibition" sponsored Maine Law of 1851 -- Prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. • Results • Much less drinking among women than earlier in the century • Less per capita consumption of hard liquor. • Temperance the least sectional of all the reform movements.

24. Women's Rights • Sexual differences increasingly emphasized in 19th • America as a result of Industrial Revolution. • Market separated men and women into sharply distinct economic roles. • Women seen to be physically and emotionally weak but also artistic and refined. • "Republican Motherhood": Women seen as keepers of society's conscience with special responsibility to teach children how to be good and productive citizens. • Break away from role of homemaker and participate in the public world of men.

25. Women's Rights • Lucretia Mott • Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized Seneca Falls Convention • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Urged equality for women, rights to sue, rights to own real & personal property. • Susan B. Anthony • Quaker; protégé of Stanton; militant lecturer for woman's rights • Grimke sisters • Angelina Grimke -- Southern white fierce speaker against slavery and later in favor of women’s rights. • Sara Grimke -- Powerful writer on behalf of the women’s rights movement. • Lucy Stone -- Helped organize first national women’s rights convention in 1850. • An avid abolitionist; broke with male counterparts after the war over the dispute of women’s suffrage. • Retained her maiden name after she was married • Women who follow her example are known as "Lucy Stoners" • Amelia Bloomer -- Popularized the wearing of a short skirt with Turkish trousers. • "Bloomers" were challenged to be too masculine and to convey immorality. • Margaret Fuller • Edited a transcendentalist journal, The Dial.

26. Seneca Falls Convention • Organized by Stanton and Mott • "Declaration of Sentiments": "...all men and women are created equal." • One resolution formally demanded women’s' suffrage. • Launched the modern woman's rights movement • Attended by 61 women and 34 men. • Woman's movement overshadowed by events of the era

27. Education • Support for free public education gradually supported by the wealthy • Tax-supported public education triumphed between 1825 and 1850 • Demanded education for their children. • Free vote (Manhood suffrage) pushed free education. • Horace Mann • Argued key to reform was better education • Established state normal schools to better train teachers. • Secondary education lagged and 1 million people still illiterate by 1860 • Slaves forbidden to learn reading or writing; even free northern blacks usually excluded.

28. Education 2 • Noah Webster • Dictionary helped standardize American English • His readers and grammar books used by millions of children in 19th c. • William H. McGuffey • Grade school readers 1st published in 1830's. • Lessons emphasized morality, patriotism, and idealism. • Higher Education • 2nd Great Awakening • Women's schools in secondary ed. gained some respectability in 1820s. • Emma Willard est. in 1821, the Troy (NY) Female Seminary. • Lyceums

29. American Peace Society • Agitated for peace and gained momentum in the pre-Civil War years. • Dorothea Dix worked to improve treatment of the mentally handicapped. • Reports of incidents insane were often kept in chains. • Resulted in improved conditions • Appointed superintendent of women nurses for the Union forces during Civil War.

30. Wilderness Perfection • 1825, New Harmony, Indiana, the site of about 1000 persons led by Robert Owen. • Founded the first American kindergarten. • First free public school • First free public library. • EXA MPLES: • Brook Farm in Mass. started in 1841 by 20 intellectuals: "plain living and high thinking" • Prospered until 1846 when new communal building burned down. • Nathaniel Hawthorne a resident • Oneida Colony founded in NY in 1848; more radical • Practices free love, birth control, and eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. • Believed in corporate marriage of all members to each other. • Communal care of children. • Equality of genders • Colony flourished for over 30 years • In 1879-80, group embraced monogamy and abandoned communism.

31. Continued • Shakers -- United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing • Established in Lebanon, New York • Longest-lived sect beginning in 1776 finally extinct in 1940. • Set up about 20 religious communities; membership about 6,000 in 1840 • Communistic • Opposition to both marriage and free love led to their extinction. • Believed in celibacy, equal spiritual value of men and women, and simplicity of architecture and furnishings. • New members were adopted as orphans or recruited through conversion. • Amana Community founded in Iowa in 1855 • Perfectionist communal society • Millenialists • Manufacturing business from community still in existence. • Mormons considered by some to be a utopian society – most successful

32. American Family • Women growing more conscious of themselves as individuals and as "sisters" as the male and female sex roles were becoming more increasingly divided. • Increasing numbers of women avoided marriage; 10% by 1860 • Schoolteachers and in domestic service. • Most women left their jobs upon marriage and became homemakers • "Cult of domesticity" glorified traditional function of the homemaker. • Godey's Lady's Book • Founded in 1830, survived until 1898 • Promoted "cult of domesticity"

33. Continued • Catharine Beecher (daughter of Lyman Beecher and sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe) • Called on American inventors to improve life for the homemaker • Redesigned the American kitchen and home to provide more comfort for women and a nurturing environment for the family. • Changes in the family • Love, not "arrangement" • Families grew smaller • Avg. of 6 kids in 1800; less than 5 in 1900; births fell 1/2 during the 19th c. • Smaller families meant child-centered families • Thus, outlines of the "modern family" were clear by mid-century.

34. Frontier Experience Uniquely American • Alexis de Toqueville's Democracy in America • (1835) Individualism and equality formed the distinguishing values of antebellum American life. • Defined the terms for discussion of the American character in the early half of the 19th century. • Western life was extremely rough • Westerners were generally more "crude" in their habits and lifestyle • Highly individualistic • Democracy on the frontier • Equality reigned on the frontier; (except slavery) • White manhood suffrage came to be the rule. • Lovers of freedom : Cherished states' rights and localism • Intensely patriotic and nationalistic

35. Artistic Achievements • Thomas Jefferson probably finest American architect of his generation • Brought classical design to Monticello • Artists • Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) among the best American painters of the era. • Several portraits of Washington, all somewhat idealized an dehumanized. • Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827) painted some 60 portraits of Washington. • Hudson River School of Art • Louis Daguerre, a Frenchman, invented a crude photograph known as the daguerreotype. • Music: Stephen Foster wrote famous black songs ("darky" tunes)

36. Literature • Few Americans read "polite" literature in early 19th c. • Poured most of their creative efforts into practical outlets • American literature received a strong boost from nationalist wave after War of 1812. • Knickerbockers Group • Washington Irving (1783-1859) • First American to win international recognition as a literary figure • 1809, Knickerbocker's History of N.Y • The Sketch Book • Also a historian: Washington's biography and other historical works. • James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) • First American novelist to gain world fame. • The Spy (1821), Leatherstocking Tales; Last of the Mohicans • William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) • "Thanatopsis" (1817) -- One of first high-quality poems by an American

37. Transcendentalism • Emerged in New England during 2nd quarter of the 19th c. • Philosophy • Truth "transcends" the senses • Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put him/her in direct touch with God, or the "Over soul." • Individualism in matters of religion as well as social. • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) • "Over soul" philosophy of an organic universe • Stressed self-reliance, self-confidence, self-improvement, optimism, and freedom. • Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) • Associate of Emerson • Walden: Or Life in the Woods (1854) • Essay on Civil Disobedience • Writings later encouraged others • Walt Whitman (1819-1892) – Leaves of Grass (1855) • Margaret Fuller -- published "The Dial" • Poetry: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)

38. Individualists, Dissenters, Journalism, and Science. • Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) • Gifted lyric poet • Excelled in the short story: • Nathaniel Hawthorne • The Scarlet Letter (1850) • Reflected Calvinist obsession • Herman Melville (1819-1891): Moby Dick • Lashed out at the popular optimism of his day. • Believed in the Puritan doctrine of original sin and his characters spoke the mystery of life. • Journalism • Newspaper bolstered by increased literacy • Decades just before the Civil War marked the golden age of personal journalism • Horace Greeley -- editor and owner of New York Tribune published own paper (founded in 1841) • Incredibly influential in forming public opinion. (even outside NY state) • Merciless foe of slavery • Increased public knowledge meant an increased ability to make democracy work. • Science: John J. Audubon (1785-1851) • His illustrated Birds of America attained considerable popularity. • Audubon Society for the protection of birds named after him.