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The Cacao Research Program at USDA-ARS-TARS

The Cacao Research Program at USDA-ARS-TARS. Brian M. Irish, Ricardo Goenaga USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. ARS Mission.

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The Cacao Research Program at USDA-ARS-TARS

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  1. The Cacao Research Program at USDA-ARS-TARS Brian M. Irish, Ricardo Goenaga USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

  2. ARS Mission ARS conducts research to develop and transfer solutions to agricultural problems of high national priority and provide information access and dissemination to…

  3. ARS Mission • Ensure high-quality, safe food, and other agricultural products • Assess the nutritional needs of Americans • Sustain a competitive agricultural economy • Enhance the natural resource base and the environment, and • Provide economic opportunities for rural citizens, communities, and society as a whole.

  4. ARS Laboratory Locations

  5. Collections • Cacao (Theobroma cacao) ~180 (100) • Banana, Plantain (Musa spp.) ~150 (20) • Sapote (Pouteria sapota) 26 • Níspero (Manilkarazapota) 25 • Sugar apples (Annona spp.) 16 • Garcinias (Garcinia spp.) 15 (G. mangostana ~40) • Bamboo (Many genera) 97 • Spanish lime (Melicoccus bijugatus) ~40 • Mango (Mangiferaindica) – backup 45 • Many other fruits, nuts, spices, woody and herbaceous ornamentals on our station grounds Fruit and Nut Genebanks in the US National Plant Germplasm System. Joseph Postman, Kim Hummer, Ed Stover, Robert Krueger, Phillip Forsline, L.J. Grauke, Francis Zee, Tomas Ayala-Silva, Brian Irish

  6. Germplasm collection • Original clones at TARS since 1939 • Replanted: 2001-2003 • Location: Mayaguez, PR • 154 clones/accessions • Expt. Design: RCBD • 3 blocks and 2 trees per block • Full sun, irrigation, fertilization • Collecting phenotypic, agronomic, organoleptic • Personnel

  7. Accession -AC T 1/1. From 9/6/07-9/14/07 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9

  8. April 8th, 2008 6 1 2 5 3 4

  9. Table 3. Chocolate flavor profiles of nine cacao clones selected for high yield in Puerto Rico during a four-year harvesting period, 1994-1997.

  10. Table 3.Characteristics and summary statistics for the 15 International set of microsatellite primers utilized for fingerprinting the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station cacao (Theobroma cacao) collection.

  11. Clone #101-TARS 23Heterocigoto y consistente para las seis plantas

  12. Clone #42-EET 53Heterocigoto y homocigoto para varias de las plantas

  13. Accessions grouped into four main clusters • Based on geographic and common genetic background • Trinitarios/Criollos • Lower A. Forasteros • Upper A. Forasteros • Hybrids • Some groups missing • Motamayor et al., 2008 • Nanay, Guiana

  14. 0.68 0.00 0.34 Genetic Distance Coefficient CC10 B EET353[ECU] B EET381[ECU] P10[MEX] A P22[MEX] P43[MEX] RIM105[MEX] RIM13[MEX] A RIM15[MEX] RIM2[MEX] RIM34[MEX] RIM41[MEX] RIM48[MEX] RIM52[MEX] RIM6[MEX] RIM75[MEX] RIM78[MEX] RIM10[MEX] SGU69 ICS39 POUND7[POU] B SIC72 B SC49[COL] GS46 UF668 ICS40 GS7 ICS29 UF601 Mislabeling: e.g., RIM group • RIM identical (SSRs) • Yellow highlighted (A/B) • More than one genotype • e.g., RIM13 [MEX] • Several clones don’t belong in this group • CC10 • EET 353 • SGU69

  15. RIM 2 [MEX] RIM 6 [MEX] RIM 10 [MEX] RIM 13 [MEX] A RIM 2 [MEX] RIM 15 [MEX] RIM 34 [MEX] RIM 41 [MEX] RIM 48 [MEX] RIM 52 [MEX] RIM 75 [MEX] RIM 105 [MEX] P 10 [MEX] P 22 [MEX] P 43 [MEX] RIM 13 [MEX] B RIM 30 [MEX] EET 381 EET 353 SGU 69

  16. Field Performance of SE and Grafted Cacao Plants • Planted: August 31, 2003 • Location: Corozal, PR • Two propagation methods: SE, grafting • 12 clones: high and low yielders included. • Expt. Design: Split plot with 5 reps • Main plots: propagation methods • Subplots: genotypes • Collaborator: M. Guiltinan

  17. Somatic Embryogenesis • SE: in vitro clonal propagation method using floral explants • Great potential for de novo regeneration and distribution of disease-free cacao plants • Propagation via normal tissue culture protocols exhibit somaclonal variation • It is essential to test performance of SE-derived plants under field conditions

  18. EXPERIMENTAL SE PLANT USED FOR EXPERIMENT

  19. PLOT ESTABLISHMENT: 2003 SOIL: Ultisol pH: 4.9, high Al

  20. DECEMBER 2009 GRAFTED SE

  21. PRELIMINARY RESULTS • Variables measured: • plant height, stem diameter, dry bean weight, pods/tree, yield • No differences found between SE and grafted plants so far • Analysis of variance to detect differences among genotypes needs to be carried out • Data collected for at least one more year

  22. CONACADO • Local selections • Genetic background • SSRs (Motamayor) • Organoleptic • Mars (Seguine) • IDIAF • Clonal germplasm • Correct identity • Replicates • Local selections • Genetic background • SSRs (Motamayor) • Organoleptic • Mars (Seguine)

  23. ONGOING PROJECTS • Collaborations • CONACADO/IDIAF • Mars (Organoleptic) • Penn State (Somatic Embryogenesis) • Continued characterization efforts • Continued acquisition of genetically diverse accessions • I,CQC though SHRS • IDIAF/CONACADO • Distributions (service component)

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