Department of PHYSICS

1. Department of PHYSICS Sk.SabjaN Lecturer in Physics VI Sem, Renewable Energy D.K.Govt.College for Women (A),Nellore

2. Work -Power -Energy Work Work is defined as a body is displaced by the application force on it. If, a constant force of magnitude “ F" acts on a body and produces a displacement “S" in its own direction. Then the product of these two is defined as the work done{W} by the force on the body W = FxS If, the displacement and force are in different directions,then the work done on the body is given by W = FS cos0 Where 0 is the angle between force and displacement. Units of work Joule is the unit of work. Def : One joule of work is said to be done by a force, if the force of one N moves the body through a distance of 1 m along its direction. 1 joule = 1Nx1m = 1Nm

3. Power There will be no change in the total amount of work done irrespective of the time taken to do a work. But the rate of work done is different in different cases. The rate of work done is called Power. If the total work done is “W” in time “t” , then Power(P) =W/t Units : Watt {W} is the unit of power in SI system. Power { of a system or a machine} is 1 watt if 1 joule of work is done in 1 second. 1 watt = 1 joule/1sec Watt is a small unit and hence to measure a large quantity of power 1 kW and 1mw are used. 1 kW = 103 W and 1 mW = 106 W. And power of an electric motor is measured in horse power. 1 horse power {HP} = 746 w

4. Energy Energy is defined as the capacity or the ability to do a work. Work done on a body is equal to its energy. Hence the units of work and energy are same. Energy exists in many forms. Some of them are.. • Potential energy • Kinetic energy • Electrical energy • Thermal energy • Gravitational energy • Chemical energy • Nuclear energy or atomic energy • Light energy • Sound energy.... Etc..

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6. Forms of Energy Energy can be m> Potential Energy Kinetic Energy * stored energy energy of movement energy comes from energy is stored to moving e used ater Thermal Energy Chemical Energy we experience energy in different ways energy of moving particles (heat) energy stored in food, fuel Mechanical Energy Sound Energy Elastic Energy energy of objects in motion form of energy we can hear energy stored in objects that are stretched Electrical Energy Nuclear Energy Light Energy energy of particles moving through energy stored in centre of particles a wire form of energy our eyes can detect Gravitational Energy Magnetic Energy energy stored in an object when it is energy causing push or pull above the earth’s surface

7. Law of Conservation of Energy Conservation of energy is not saving energy, the law of conservation of energy says that energy is neither created nor destroyed. When we use energy, it doesn t disappear. We change it from one form of energy into another. A car engine burns gasoline, converting the chemical energy in gasoline into mechanical energy. Solar cells change radiant energy into electrical ener y- Energy changes form, but the tota amount of energy in the universe stays the same. Scientists at the Department of Energy think they have discovered a mysterious new form of energy called "dark energy" that is actually causing the universe to grow! Light Heat Energy Energy

8. Examples of Energy Transformation • Conservation of Energy in a Flashlight Step I: Battery has chemical potential energy. Step 2: Chemical energy changes to electric energy. Step 3: Electric energy flows through the light bulb and turns electric energy to light and heat. • The total of the energy from the chemical reaction (chemical PE in the battery) is equal to the total energy that it transforms into (electrical, light, and heat/thermal)

9. Photosynthesis in me process or phoiosynthesis, prams convert radiant energy from trie sun Inlc chemical energy m the form of glucose—of sugar. (carbon rijgjiidc) (tunli[]ht; JgkjtMfl} (uuygi SH^D + SCO - rdi.inC rniTcjy —■ C -t (SO

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11. Energy Conservation What is energy conservation??????? • Conservation of energy refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption and to increase efficiency of energy use. • Energy efficient equipments uses less energy for same output & reduces the environmental pollution like CO & C02 emission. • Eg. Replacing 15W CFL Lamp with 60W Incandescent lamp saves 45W of power & reduces the emissions of C02 by 49g/hr. • Initial investment is required for replacement it will coming back to consumer in energy bill. • Payback periodshould be calculated before replacing standard equipmentwith energy efficient equipment. 1/25/2016 Dept .of EEE, SD MIT, Ujire, D.K. Karnataka S3

13. t^on-Ve^ntion^l pource. oje-ne-t^tj is a nuturnl’resource- which \cdnnotbe. yrodjucid, yroWn, ye.htmtc({, or used^n- it, sccUzwhich cam sustain its consumption r&tc, ome, depleted There- is no more ^(Kilfrklc.fprjjhiturf needs. Also considered^ non-reneWc\fyle Are resourceSithiit.iKre consumed much ffister^i^i np&urecaa creccte-Jzhemr-Tosnj^fuels (such tu/u7jti^p*etroleumy^nd ndturi\l y&s), fire-Wood^ucltcirpower iurtiniuml^ridfcertain (cquifers • • i\re ex :\j)\ples.^A^

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17. (pxssc0QI?tos£Q) s o.ujji ismiA'mimm -ujjm Petroleum is a fossil fuel and is an oil that is found underground. Sometimes we call it oil. Oil can be as thick irq and bfack as tar or as thin as water. Petroleum has a lot of energy. We can turn it into different fuels - like gasoline, kerosene, and heating oil. Most plastics are made from petroleum, too. Petroleum is buried underground in tiny pock We drill wells i " “ ±" out the ockets in rocks. oil. Gat oil (Cl4'C?|) Kotos In# (Cn-Cu) Natvrol gat (Ci-O) impftv out iocI

18. SOURCES: NATURAL GAS (Fossil Fuel) Natural gas is a fuel that's used to heat buildings, cook food, dry clothes, heat water, and even to help produce electricity. It's sometimes called "gas" for short. In fact, natural gas is really a mixture of gases that formed from the fossil remains of ancient plants and animals buried deep in the earth. The main ingredient in natural gas is methane. Natural gas gives t when it burns, but doesn't

19. Firewood is ony wooden material that is gathered and used foe fuel. Generally, firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form. Firewood is a renewable resource. '

20. Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear f ission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world’s energy and 13-14% of the world’s electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50 /o of nuclear generated electricity. In 2007, the IAEA reported there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world o in 31 countries Also, more thanJ^pO naval vessels using^n sion have been built.

22. (A) Conventional Energy Sources: The energy sources which cannot be compensated, once these are used (after their exploitation) are termed as conventional energy sources. ADVERTISEMENTS: Some important conventional energy sources are discussed below: 1. Coal: Coal is a major conventional energy sources. It was formed from the remains of the trees and ferns grew in swamps around 500 millions year ago. The bacterial and chemical decomposition of such plant debris (which remained buried under water or clay) produced an intermediate product known as peat which is mainly cellulose (C6H10O5V Due to progressive decomposition by heat and pressure, the cellulose lost moisture H2 and Oz and got converted in to coal as per the given equation plants ————► Peat —-—► Lignite ———* Bituminous coal and Chemical action Pressure pressure —AAA> Anthracite coal pressure The average formula of coal is (C3/H4/V Out of the 6000 billion tons coal stocks under earth crust, 200 tons have been exploited the present society. The coal reserves are found in the states like Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, M.P. and A.P. Some important coal fields are : Talcher, Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Panch Konkam, Signoulli, Chanda etc. 2. Petroleum and natural gases: ADVERTISEMENTS: Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes and cycloalkanes. It occurs below the earth crust entrapped under rocky strata. In its crude form, the viscous black liquid is known as petroleum and a gas in contact with petroleum layer which flows naturally from oil wells is termed as natural gases. The composition of natural gas is a mixture of mainly methane, (95.0%), small amounts of ethane, propane and butane (3.6%) and traces of CO2 (0.48%) and N2 (1.92%).

23. A liquid mixture of propane and butane can be obtained from natural gas or refinery gases at room temperature under a pressure of 3-5 atmosphere. This is stored and distributed in 40-100 litre capacity steel cylinders. The crude petroleum after being refined and purified, are available as petrol, diesel, kerosene, lubricating oil, plastic etc. for commercial and domestic use. In India, the oil deposits, are found at Ganga-Brahmaputra Valley, Bombay high, plains of Gujarat, Thar desert of Rajasthan and area around Andaman Nicobar islands. On the world basis, petroleum deposits are found at Saudi Arab, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, USA, Mexico, Russia etc. As per the current survey, it is found that world petroleum deposits are diminishing at a very faster rate. If preventive steps are not taken, the existing petroleum will be available maximum up to 40 years. 3. Fuel woods: ADVERTISEMENTS: The rural peoples require fuel wood or fire Wood for their day to day cooking which are obtained from natural forests and plantations. Due to rapid deforestation, the availability of fire wood or fuel wood becomes difficult. This problem can be avoided by massive afforestation (plantation) on degraded forest land, culturable waste land, barren land grazing land etc. 4. Hydropower: Energy obtainable from water flow or water falling from a higher potential to lower potential, is known is hydro- power. It is a conventional and renewable form of energy which can be transmitted to long distance through cables and wires. In India, hydroelectric power is generated by a number of multipurpose river valley projects e.g. Hydro-power project Hirakud, Bhakra Nangal project, Narmada valley project, Nagarjun Sagar project, Sardar Sarovar project etc.

24. 5. Nuclear energy: A small amount of radioactive substance (U235) can produce a lot of energy through the process of nuclear fission. For example, one ton of uranium can provide energy which is much higher than three million tons of coal or 12 million barrels of oil. In order to obtain nuclear energy, nuclear reactors are required. There are around 300 nuclear reactors all over the world. India has only four nuclear power stations (reactors). ADVERTISEMENTS: The nuclear energy can be used in production of electrical energy, as a fuel for marine vessel and space crafts and for the generation of heat in chemical processing plants. In India, Uranium deposits are found at different parts of Rajasthan and Singhbum of Jharkhand. Thorium is recovered from monazite sand found in the state of Kerala. Due to the higher energy releasing tendency of these radioactive substances, these can be used in nuclear reactors to release energy crisis. But the radioactive substances are exhaustible and can be used to develop nuclear weapons of mass destruction. In addition, dumping or radioactive wastes cause serious environmental hazards.