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Heavy Quark and Quarkonia Production at RHIC

Title. 1/43. ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji. Heavy Quark and Quarkonia Production at RHIC. Taku Gunji Center for Nuclear Study University of Tokyo. Major discovery at RHIC. 2. ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji. Major discovery at RHIC. Evidence of strong coupled QGP

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Heavy Quark and Quarkonia Production at RHIC

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  1. Title 1/43 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Heavy Quark and Quarkonia Production at RHIC Taku Gunji Center for Nuclear Study University of Tokyo

  2. Major discovery at RHIC 2 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Major discovery at RHIC • Evidence of strong coupled QGP • Large energy loss/large opacity (high pT) • 1000<dNg/dy<2000 (GLV), 6<q<24 GeV2/fm (PQM) • Partonic flow/small viscosity (low pT) • Relativistic hydrodynamics, early thermalization (0.6fm/c) • Quark coalescence (mid. pT) v2 PHENIX & STAR R. Lacey et al.: PRL 98:092301, 2007

  3. Further investigation 3 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Further investigation • Correlation tagged by Jets • Particle correlation in df and dh space • Particle production with respect to reaction plane • Thermal photon measurement • T and d.o.f of the medium • Heavy quark and Quarknoia measurement • Transport properties of the medium • Deconfinement, Temperature field • and more …. X-N. Wang, N. Xu, H. Zhang, G-L. Ma, in this conference Y. Yamaguchi , F-M. Lui in this conference Y. Kim, T. Gunji, K. Morita, H.Fujii, T. Umeda, Y. Akamatsu, S. Sakai, A. Rothkopf, E. Wang, in this conference

  4. Heavy Quarks 4 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji B. Mueller, nucl-th/0404015 Heavy Quarks • mHQ≫ T, LQCD • Created only at the beginning of collisions via hard process. • point like pQCD process and well calibrated in p+p collisions • No chemical equilibrium. Abundance is frozen. • Reveals transport properties of the medium. • Energy loss and flow measurement • Elastic vs. Radiative • Diffusion constant • h/s of the medium G.D. Moore, D Teaney PRC71, 064904 (2005)

  5. Quarkonia 5 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Quarkonia • Probe of the Deconfinement • Color screening [T. Matsui and H. Satz (1986)] • Attraction between qqbar pairs is reduced in the medium. • Color force is shorter range and binding is weaker. • When force range/screening radius (T-1) become less than binding radius, qqbar is never bound. H. Satz (SQM08) H. Satz (SQM08) Measurement of Quarkonia suppression  Achieved temperature of the medium.

  6. Title of Part 1 6 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Heavy Quark Production at RHIC

  7. Heavy Quark Measurement at RHIC 7 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Heavy Quark Measurement at RHIC • Single leptons (e,m) via semi-leptonic decay • c-hadron  e+ + anything (B.R.: 9.6%) • D0 (B.R.: 6.87%) D(B.R.: 17.2%) • Cannot separate c/b. • Direct meas. via hadronic decay • Direct measurement (inv. Mass) • D0K+p (B.R.:3.85%) • Challenging meas. (S/N) • e-h correlation • c/b separation • Df space or mass space. • di-electrons

  8. PHENIX and STAR 8 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji PHENIX and STAR • PHENIX • Electrons & hadrons, |y|<0.35 • p Rejection>103@90% eff. (MB) • Muons, 1.2<|y|<2.2 • Cut 98% of hadrons by absorber. • Single leptons, e-h, ee pairs • STAR • Hadrons & electrons, |y|<1 • Larger acceptance for hadrons. • Single electrons, e-h, Direct reconstruction

  9. Non-photonic electron measurement 9 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Non-photonic electron measurement • Electrons from heavy quark decays • Inclusive electrons – photonic electrons • Photonic electrons • Conversion of photons in material • Dalitz decay of light neutral mesons (mainly p0 and h) • Cocktail subtraction & converter method

  10. Spectrum and FONLL calculation 10 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Spectrum and FONLL calculation Phys. Rev. Lett 97,252002 (2006) Heavy flavor electron spectrum compared to FONLL. Data/FONLL = 1.71 with error Cross section shape for pT > 1.6 GeV/c agrees with FONLL upper limit

  11. b/(c+b) ratio by e-h correlation 11 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji b/(c+b) ratio by e-h correlation S. Sakai • ~50% contribution from b for pTe>3~4 GeV

  12. Single leptons in d+Au 12 gluons in Pb / gluons in p x ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Single leptons in d+Au • Shadowing/Cronin effect • Results from 2003 d+Au • RdA>1 for south (x2 is large) • RdA<1 for north (x2 is small) • 2008 d+Au data is necessary. Shadowing Anti Shadowing Eskola et al. NPA696 (2001) 729 |y|<1 Au going d going Raphael (SQM08)

  13. Spectra in Au+Au collisions 13 MB 0%~ ~92% p+p ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Spectra in Au+Au collisions PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007) Heavy flavor electron spectra Curves: binary scaled p+p Reference (FONLL) Clear high pT suppression developing towards central collisions S/B > 1 for pT > 2 GeV/c according to inside box figure

  14. RAA vs. pT for various centralities 14 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji RAA vs. pT for various centralities [pT<1.6 GeV/c] p+p: data (converter) [pT>1.6 GeV/c] p+p: scaled FONLL PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007) Suppression level is the almost same as p0 and h in high pT.

  15. Non-photonic electron v2 15 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Non-photonic electron v2 PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007) • Final result from 2004 Au+Au • Preliminary result from 2007 Au+Au • Large v2 of non-photonic electrons is observed. Greco et al., PLB 595 (2004) 202 • pQCD calculation with and without charm quark flow. • Clear indication of charm flow in the medium.

  16. Model Comparison 16 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Model Comparison PHENIX PRL98 173301 (2007) • pQCD radiative E-loss with upscaled transport coeff. • Langevin with elastic pQCD + resonances + coalescence • Langevin with upscaled pQCD elastic • pQCD elastic scattering • G-1 = ttherm ~ 20 fm/c • pQCD+resonance+coalescence • G-1 = ttherm ~ 5 fm/c (ttherm for b ~ 15fm/c)

  17. Medium Properties 17 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Medium Properties • From diffusion coefficient to h/s • Rapp and van Hees [PRC 71:034907, 2005] • DHQ x 2 pT ~ 4-6. • Moore and Teaney [PRC 71:064901, 2005] • DHQ x 2 pT ~ 3-12. • This gives h/s ~ (4/3-2)/4p • indicate small value and close to conjectured limit (ħ/4p) • significantly below h/s of helium (4ph/s ~ 9) strong coupl. h/s≈ 1/4p Dx (2pT) = 1/2TD weak coupl. h/s ≈ 4/15 n <p> ltr=1/5 TD

  18. Hydro+Heavy Quark 18 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Y. Akamatsu Hydro + Heavy Quark Y. Akamatsu et al. arXiv:0809.1499 • Relativistic treatment of Brown Motion • Drag force inspired by AdS/CFT g = (2.1  0.5) from AdS/CFT w.c s.c

  19. RAAc and RAAb 19 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji RAAc and RAAb S. Sakai • RAA(e) = r*RAAb+(1-r)*RAAc, r=b/(c+b) [STAR] • RAAc& RAAb correlation • together with models • Dominant uncertainty is • normalization in RAA analysis • RAAb< 1 ; B meson suppressed • prefer Dissociate and • resonance model • (large b energy loss) pT>5 GeV/c I; Phys. Lett. B 632, 81 (2006) ; dNg/dy = 1000 II; Phys. Lett. B 694, 139 (2007) III; Phys.Rev.Lett.100(2008)192301

  20. RAAc/RAAb 20 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji RAAc/RAAb W. Horowitz SQM07 • Further constraint of heavy quark transportation • pQCD rad+el vs. AdS/CFT drag momentum loss • High pT D and B measurement is necessary.

  21. Conclusion (1) 21 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Conclusion (1) • Heavy quark measurement has been done by PHENIX and STAR. • Differential cross section can be described by FONLL calculation (within theoretical uncertainty) • Larger than 50% of b contribution for pTe>3-4 GeV/c • Strong suppression in non-photonic yield was observed in Au+Au collisions. • Compatible to pi0 and eta suppression. • Large elliptic flow of non-photonic was observed. • From RAA and v2, • Strongly interacting (coupled) medium even for heavy quarks. • charm quark thermalization ~ 5fm/c • h/s ~ (4/3-2)/4p, close to conjecture limit • Differentiate D/B suppression pattern more helpful

  22. Title of Part 2 22 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Heavy Quarkonia Production at RHIC

  23. J/y Mass Spectra at RHIC 23 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/y Mass Spectra at RHIC 2005 p+p 2008 d+Au 2005 Cu+Cu 2004 Au+Au

  24. J/y Production in p+p collisions 24 PHENIX PRL 98, 232002 (2007) STAR arXiv: 0806.0353 [nucl-ex] M. J. Leitch RHIC&AGS Meeting 2008 PHENIX PRL 98, 232002 (2007) STAR arXiv: 0806.0347 [nucl-ex] ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/y Production in p+p collisions

  25. J/y Production in the medium 25 tccbar~ 0.06fm, tform ~ 1fm/c [Bhanot+Peskin ’79] ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/y Production in the medium • Initial stage • Gluon shadowing • Gluon saturation (CGC) • Nuclear Matter • Nuclear absorption • Cronin effect Initial + nuclear matter effect = “CNM effect” • Hot and dense medium • Color screening • Dissociation by gluon • Regeneration from • heavy qqbar pairs

  26. Hot and dense medium effects 26 Potential Model & lattice simulations S. Digal, F. Karsch and H. Satz TJ/y ~ 1.2Tc [A. Mocsy et al, PRL 99(2007)211602, HP’08] Tcc ~ 2Tc [T. Umeda, PRD. 75, 094502 (07)] ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Hot and dense medium effects • Color screening • Screening and Sequential Melting • Feed down effect • J/y ~ 0.6J/y+0.3cc+0.1y’ • Fraction not clear at RHIC • Rcc < 42% (90% CL) • Ry’ = 8.6%  2.5%

  27. Hot and dense medium effects 27 R. Rapp et al. arXiv:0807.2470 Eur.Phys.J.C43:91-96,2005 A. Andronic et al. NPA 789 (2007) 334 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Hot and dense medium effects • Dissociation by gluons • Gluo-effect :J/y+gccbar • Quasifree : J/y+gccbar+g • Dominance depends on ebind of J/y. (Color Screening) • Recombination • From uncorrelated ccbar pairs. • Enhance of the yield. • Depends on charm production • Statistical hadronization (A. Andronic et al.) • Kinetic formation (R. Rapp et al.) • J/y transport (L. Yan, N. Xu, P. Zhuang et al.)

  28. J/y Suppression at SPS 28 F. Karsch et al., PLB, 637 (2006) 75 Pb-Pb @ 158 GeV ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/y suppression at SPS R. Rapp et al. Phys.Rev.Lett.92:212301,2004. • Sequential Melting • Direct J/y unlikely to melt. cc and y’ are screened. Absence associated feed down to J/y. • Dissociation + Recombination • a little recombination contribution

  29. Cold Matter effects 29 • σabs = 4.18 ± 0.35 mb • at SPS anti-shadowing arXiv:0802.0139 shadowing ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Cold Matter effects • Initial stage effect • Gluon shadowing or Gluon Saturation (CGC) • depletion of gluon PDF in heavy nuclei at small x • Nuclear matter effect • Nuclear absorption • Dissociation of J/y or pre-resonance by spectators. • Cronin effect • J/y in d+Au @ PHENIX: • -2.2<y<-1.2 : x~0.09 • y~0 : x~0.02 • 1.2<y<2.2 : x~0.003

  30. J/y Production in d+Au collisions 30 PHENIX PRC 77, 024912 (2008) ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/y Production in d+Au collisions PHENIX revisits systematic error evaluation. • Tendency is well agreement within shadowing predictions. • EKS/NDSG Model (+21 process, g+gJ/y) • Break up cross section is 2~4mb. • Need more statistics to constraint cold matter effects.

  31. Another shadowing model 31 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Another shadowing model E. G. Ferreiro et al. arXiv:0809.4684[hep-ph] • Take into accout g+gJ/y+g formation process (extrinsic) • Tendency is well agreement with inclusion of extrinsic process. • Less rapidity dep.

  32. 2008 d+Au collisions 32 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji 2008 d+Au collisions • PHENIX Run8 d+Au ~ 30 x Run3 d+Au 59 nb-1 63 nb-1 57,030 J/   (~73,000 from all data) 4,369 J/  ee (~6,000 from all data) Precise CNM effects will be studied using high statistic data!

  33. J/y Production in A+A collisions 33 |y|<0.35 PRL.98, 232301 (2007) PRL 101, 122301 (2008) 1.2<|y|<2.2 PRL.98, 232301 (2007) arXiv:0801.0220 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/y Production in A+A collisions RAA (1.2<|y|<2.2) < RAA (|y|<0.35) ~ RAA at SPS (0<y<1)

  34. CNM effects in A+A 34 PHENIX PRC 77, 024912 (2008) E.G.Ferreiro et al. arXiv:0809.4684 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji CNM effects in A+A • Extrapolation from d+Au collisions PHENIX revisits systematic error evaluation. • Even though error is large, • CNM effect is similar between both rapidities • Extrinsic treatment (g+gJ/y+g) gives stronger CNM at forward. • Stronger suppression than expectations from CNM effect • Need more d+Au data to constraint CNM effects.

  35. Gluon Saturation in A+A 35 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Gluon Saturation in A+A CGC (cold matter effect) can describe hadron production in A+A collisions at forward rapidity at RHIC. D. Kharzeev et al. arXiv:0809.2933 dN/dy • Normalization factor is from overall fit to data. • can be fixed using high statistic d+Au data. • Rapidity shape can be described by CGC. • Final state effect is roughly rapidity independent.

  36. Statistical Hadronization 36 A. Andronic et al. NPA 789 (2007) 334, QM08 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Statistical Hadornization • Less recombination at forward rapidity due to smaller cross section of charm at forward rapidity • Need to understand charm production.

  37. Kinetic formation 37 X. Zhao, R. Rapp et al. arXiv:0712.2407 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Kinetic formation Total yield with Charm relaxation time Available charm quarks for recombination is controlled by 1-exp(-t/tc) Total = CNM effects + Dissociation (p-dep) + Coalescence (tc=7fm/c) • Stronger suppression is supplemented by recombination. • Depends on charm thermalization time (tc ~ 7fm/c) • Need to understand charm production in Au+Au

  38. Sequential Melting (Hydro+J/y) 38 Hydro + J/y T. Gunji et al. PRC 76:051901,2007 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Sequential Melting (Hydro+J/y) T. Gunji et al. PRC 76 051901, 2007 TJ/y = 2.0Tc • Embed free-streaming J/y, cc, y’ into the evolution of matter. • 3+1 hydro. Ncol distribution for J/y and pT from p+p. • complete melting above dissociation temperature. • J/y suppression at RHIC can be described by sequential melting. • direct J/y suppression starts around Npart~160 (T ~ 2Tc in hydro). • reflect temperature field of the medium. • TJ/y can be determined in a narrow region. (1.9< TJ/y/Tc < 2.1)

  39. Sequential Dissociation 39 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Sequential Dissociation Y. Liu et al. SQM08 • J/y transport • Loss (dissociation) + gain (recombination) term • Simplicity : Well agreement with the data TJ/y/Tc = 1.9

  40. J/y in high pT 40 M. J. Leitch RHIC&AGS 2008 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji J/y in high pT Many effects are here… • Cronin effect • enhance higher pT • (anti-)Shadowing • enhance pT • Recombination • enhance lower pT • Screening & dissociation • suppress lower pT • hot-wind scenario • suppress high pT • RAA for high pT J/y = 0.9  0.2 • seems less suppression compared to low pT J/y ( RAA=0.59  0.02) but still consistent with RAA = 0.59 by fitting results. • Need to have more data to disentangle: • Cronin effect (d+Au), leakage effect, recombination,,,,,

  41. J/y v2 at RHIC 33 41 D. Krieg et al. arXiv:0806.0736 NA50 HP08 PRELIMINARY minimum-bias Rapp & van Hees, PRC 71, 034907 (2005) Run-7 Run-4 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/08: T. Gunji J/y v2 at RHIC • First J/y flow measurement by PHENIX. • v2 = -10%  10 %  2%  3% (mid-rapidity) • J/’s from recombination should inherit large charm-quark flow. but difficult to see flow of J/y due to large error bars. • Negative to positive v2  Just Mass ordering? Charm collectivity. • Need more data and need to understand with charm quark v2.

  42. Conclusion (2) 42 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Conclusion (2) • J/y Production has been measured in p+p, d+Au, A+A collisions at RHIC. • J/y Production in d+Au is consistent with shadowing pictures. • Not constrained well due to the large errors. • Wait for 2008 d+Au analysis • J/y Measurement in Au+Au collisions gives many interesting observations. • Similar suppression between at RHIC (y=0) and at SPS • Stronger suppression at forward than at mid-rapidity. • Dissociation+Recombination • Sequential Melting+gluon saturation • Large uncertainty on cold nuclear matter effects prevents a firm conclusion. More d+Au data. This is highest priority! • Other observables (pT dist., v2) with high statistics will be helpful.

  43. For the future at RHIC 43 max min ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji For the future • Detector Upgrade • PHENIX • VTX/FVTX/NCC • STAR • HFT/TOF/DAQ • Luminosity advance • 100,000 J/y mm • 13,000 J/y ee • LHC!! • x10 charm, x100 bottom production • ϒ family measurement • J/y complete screening or strong recombination

  44. Major discovery at RHIC 2 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Backup slides

  45. Major discovery at RHIC 2 Ne Electron yield converter 0.8% 0.4% 1.7% W/ converter Dalitz : 0.8% X0 equivalent radiation length Photonic W/O converter Photonic Non-photonic 0 Material amounts: 0 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Non-photonic electron measurement • Inclusive electrons – photonic electrons • Photonic electrons • Conversion of photons in material • Dalitz decay of light neutral mesons (mainly p0 and h) • Cocktail subtraction & converter method

  46. R. Rapp at SQM08 _ _ q q Microscopic Calculations of Diffusion: q,g c • pQCD elastic scattering:g-1= ttherm ≥20 fm/cslow [Svetitsky ’88, Mustafa et al ’98, Molnar et al ’04, Zhang et al ’04, Hees+RR ’04, Teaney+Moore‘04] • D-/B-resonance model:g-1= ttherm ~ 5 fm/c “D” parameters: mD , GD c c • recent development: lQCD-potential scattering [van Hees, Mannarelli, Greco+RR ’07] 3.) Heavy Quarks in the QGP • Brownian • Motion: Fokker Planck Eq. [Svetitsky ’88,…] Q scattering rate diffusion constant

  47. R. Rapp at SQM08 G 2.5 Comparison of Drag Coefficients • pert. QCD with running coupling ~ AdS/CFT • increase with temperature except T-matrix (melting resonances)

  48. R. Rapp at SQM08 2.1.3 Thermal Relaxation of Heavy Quarks in QGP Charm: pQCD vs. Resonances Charm vs. Bottom pQCD “D” • tctherm ≈ tQGP ≈ 3-5 fm/c • bottom does not thermalize • factor ~3 faster with • resonance interactions!

  49. Major discovery at RHIC 2 ATHIC Meeting 2008 10/13/2008: T. Gunji Universality of jet quenching • Universal Bound Model • Upper limit of energy, which can escape the medium.

  50. AdS/CFT vs. pQCD with Jets • Langevin model • Collisional energy loss for heavy quarks • Restricted to low pT • pQCD vs. AdS/CFT computation of D, the diffusion coefficient • ASW model • Radiative energy loss model for all parton species • pQCD vs. AdS/CFT computation of • Debate over its predicted magnitude • ST drag calculation • Drag coefficient for a massive quark moving through a strongly coupled SYM plasma at uniform T • not yet used to calculate observables: let’s do it!

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