The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Britain Takes the Lead Great Britain’s advantages: • Plentiful iron and coal • A navigable river system • A strong commercial infrastructure that provided merchants with capital to invest in new enterprises • Colonies that supplied raw materials and bought finished goods • A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its navy to protect British trade

3. The Importance of Textiles John Kay invented the flying shuttle

4. The Domestic or “Putting Out” System • The textile industry was the most important in England • Most of the work was done in the home

5. The Spinning Jenny Hargreaves’s machine

6. The Water Frame Powering the spinning jenny: • Horses • The water wheel

7. Cotton Imported to Britain Between 1701 and 1800

8. Cotton Goods Exported by Britain 1701 to 1800 Now poor Brits could wear cotton rather than itchy and scratchy wool year-round

9. The Coming of the Railroads:The Steam Engine • Thomas Newcomen • The steam engine

10. James Watt’s Steam Engine • Condenser • Increased efficiency

11. Stephenson’s Rocket

12. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway • The first widely-used steam train was the Liverpool & Manchester Railway. • The L&M incited a boom in railway building for the next 20 years. • By 1854, every moderately-sized town in England was connected by rail.

13. The Growth of the Railroads Opening of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway Newbiggin Bridge

14. The Telegraph Samuel F.B. Morse

15. British Dominance Rail lines in England

16. Steam-Powered Water Transport In 1807, Robert Fulton attached a steam engine to a ship called the “Clermont.” The steam engine propelled the ship by making its paddle wheel turn.

17. Steel The Bessemer converter Henry Bessemer

18. The Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London was mounted to symbolize Great Britain’s economic, industrial, and military superiority.

19. Labor Conditions Laborers often worked in dangerous and hazardous conditions

20. Women: The Labor Behind the Industry 19th-century women at work

21. Child Labor: Unlimited Hours Factory children attend a Sunday school

22. Child Labor: Dangers “Scavengers” and “piecers”

23. Child Labor: Punishment • Malnourishment • Beatings • Runaways sent to prison

24. Child Labor: Movements to Regulate • Factory owners argued that child labor was good for the economy and helped build children's characters • Factory Act of 1833: limited child labor and the number of hours children could work in textile mills

25. Factory Act of 1833 • Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hrs/day • Ages 14-18 to 12 hours • Prohibited hiring children under 9 • Children were to go to elementary schools that factory owners were required to establish • Employment of children declined rapidly • Destroyed pattern of families working together.

26. Trade Unions Agricultural laborers who had formed a trade union in the village of Tolpuddle were arrested on false charges and sent to the British colony of Australia. The Tolpuddle Martyrs

27. Labor Unions • Sir Francis Burdett • The 1871 Trade Union Act

28. The Chartists • Political reformers • Chartists wanted the government to adopt a “People’s Charter” • Adopted by national convention of labor organizations in 1838 • Influenced the struggle for universal voting rights

29. The Luddites “General Ned Ludd” and the “Army of Redressers”

30. The “Peterloo Massacre” 1819

31. The New Industrial Class Structure The New Middle Class The New Working Class

32. Lower and Middle Class Housing Middle Class Housing Tenements

33. Travel

34. Social Mobility This illustration of a “typical apartment” appeared in a Parisian newspaper in 1845

35. New Economic Theories

36. Adam Smith1723–1790 AdamSmith laid the intellectual framework for the concept of the free market

37. Thomas Malthus 1766–1834 In An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), Malthus predicted that the food supply would not meet the needs of the growing population. • Population growth willoutpace the food supply. • War, disease, or faminecould control population. • The poor should have fewer children. • Food supply will then keep up with population.

38. David Ricardo 1772–1823 The “Iron Law of Wages” • When wages are high,workers have morechildren. • More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

39. Jeremy Bentham 1748–1832 Utilitarianism: “The greatest good for the most people” or “The greatest good over the least pain” is the goal of society • There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

40. British Industrialization

41. France • Couldn’t keep up with British industrialization • French Revolution and resulting political chaos hindered economic development

42. French Industrialization after 1848 • Government investment • Public spending • Telegraph A. Braun, Rue de Rivoli, 1855 or after

43. Germany • The Zollverein • Tariffs

44. By 1850: Zones of Industrializationon the European Continent • Northeast France. • Belgium. • The Netherlands. • Various German states (East and West). • Northern Italy

45. Electricity: Edison Thomas Edison

46. Electricity: Tesla In the 1880s, electrical engineer Nicholas Tesla perfected the principles of alternating current. The electric coil, or the Tesla coil, keeps the current consistent in the power lines.