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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Investigations of Trauma. 1880s – 1900 “ hysterical ” women post- W W I “ shell shock ” Post – W W II “ combat neurosis ” post- Vietnam P.T.S.D. Trauma-Induced Syndrome. Hyperarousal: panic & anxiety

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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  1. Sigmund FreudPsychoanalysisPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder

  2. Investigations of Trauma • 1880s – 1900 “hysterical” women • post- W W I “shell shock” • Post – W W II “combat neurosis” • post- Vietnam P.T.S.D.

  3. Trauma-Induced Syndrome • Hyperarousal: panic & anxiety • Intrusive re- flashbacks experiencing “acting-out” trauma in disguised form • Constriction / dissociation numbing trance; altered states; (often drug-aided)

  4. Dialectic of Trauma • Oscillation of re-experiencing and constrictive defense: • Fits / outbursts: epileptic-like seizures violence • Amnesia: forgetting, repression • Paralyses: immobility • Losses of voice: silencing can’t describe trauma

  5. Discovery of the Unconscious1775 - 1895

  6. Fr. Johann Gassner Franz Mesmer Fr. Hell Freulin Oesterlin Antoin LaVoisier Joseph Guillotin Ben Franklin Marquis de Puysegur Phneas Parkhurst Quimby Mary Baker Eddy Jean Charcot Anna O ( Bertha Pappenheim) Joseph Breuer Sigmund Freud Cast of Characters

  7. Father Johann Gassner • Swiss country priest – renowned exorcist • Public healing spectacles

  8. Fr. Johann Gassner:exorcism

  9. Father Johann Gassner • 1775 Target of Papal inquiry: • Ruled unorthodox • Banished to small parish • Last gasp of official exorcism

  10. Franz Mesmer

  11. Franz Mesmer • Viennese physician • Thesis on effects of planets on illnesses: • Universal fluid (like “ether”) • Planets set up tide that affects humans

  12. Franz Mesmer • 1744 Treated Freulein Oesterlin: • Father Hell told of efforts to cure with magnetism • Periodic violent fits & crises • Related to planetary motion? • Tried liquid with iron filings & magnets • Felt “evil” feelings flow away • Cured & married Mesmer’s son

  13. Mesmer’s Theory • Scientific – similar to electricity: • Universal energy / fluid • Disease: imbalance, loss of fluid • Cure: channeling & restoring fluid • Crises: re-balance fluid

  14. Mesmer’s Theory • Cures not due to magnets alone • Energy / fluid concentrated in his body affects patients “Animal Magnitism”

  15. Baquet:like Leyden Jar,collects & storesanimal magnetic fluid

  16. Magnetic Healing in Paris

  17. Mesmer as “Quack”?

  18. Mesmerism as scandal

  19. Mesmerism as scandal

  20. Mesmerism as scandal

  21. Mesmerism as scandal

  22. 1784 Royal Commission Franklin Guillotin LaVoisier

  23. 1784 Royal Commission • No evidence of magnetic fluid • Cures due to “imagination” • Danger in erotic ties of women patients to magnetizer

  24. After Royal the Commission Mesmerism eclipsed by French revolution & Napoleonic Wars

  25. Louis Pinel unchains the insane

  26. Marquis de Puysegur • Disciple of Mesmer • Magnetized servant: • Hyper-alert sleep • Couldn’t remember after awakening • Cured by “suggestion” during magnetic sleep

  27. Puysegur

  28. Puysegur’s Theory • “Artificial somnambulism” • Not caused by magnetic fluid • Brought about my magnetizer’s will & patient’s compliance

  29. Puysegur’s Theory “The entire doctrine of Animal Magnetism is contained in the two words Believe and Want. I believe that I have the power to set into action the vital principle of my fellow men; I want to make use of it; this is all my science and all my means. Believe and Want, sirs, and you will do as well as I”

  30. Mid- 19th century • Study of “mental illness” • Study of “natural” magentic states • Fugue states • Amnesia • Multiple personality

  31. Spiritism & Mediumship in U.S Phineas Quimby Mary Baker Eddy

  32. Christian Science Church, Boston

  33. 1880s: Jean Charcot

  34. Hysteria • Epileptic-like fits, crises, convulsions • Sensory impairments & paralyses • Amnesia • Charcot discovered: • Symptoms don’t follow anatomy “glove hysteria” • Hypnotic suggestion could produce “artificial” hysterical symptoms

  35. Charcot Demonstrating Hysteria

  36. Charcot’s Theory of Hysteria • Hypnosis is abnormal state, due to defect in nervous system • Traumatic event  hypnoid state (in those with defect)  inadvertant suggestion  hysterical symptom

  37. Studies on HysteriaJ. Breuer & S. Freud1895

  38. Joseph Breuer & Anna O

  39. Anna O

  40. Anna O She once woke up during the night in great anxiety about the patient, who was in a high fever; she was under the strain of expecting the arrival of a surgeon from Vienna who was to operate… Anna was sitting at the bedside with her right arm over the back of her chair. She fell into a waking dream and saw a black snake coming towards the sick man from the wall to bit him…

  41. Anna O She tried to keep the snake off, but it was as though she was paralyzed. Her right arm, over the back of the chair, had gone to sleep and had become anesthetic and paretic; and when she looked it it the fingers turned into little snakes with death’s heads…

  42. Anna O When the snake vanished, in terror she tried to pray. But language failed her; she could find no tongue in which to speak, till at last she thought of some children’s verses in English and then found herself able to think and pray in that language. The whistle of the train that was bringing the doctor whom she expected broke the spell.

  43. Anna O Next day, in the course of a game, she threw a quoit into some bushes; and when she went to pick it out, a bent branch revived her hallucination of the snake, and simultaneously her right arm became rigidly extended. Thenceforward the same thing invariably occurred whenever the hallucination was recalled by some object with a more-or-less snake-like appearance.

  44. Anna O: onset of cough She began coughing for the first time when once, as she was sitting at her father’s bedside, she heard the sound of dance music coming from a neighboring house, felt a sudden wish to be there, and was overcome with self-reproaches. Thereafter, throughout the whole length of her illness she reacted to any markedly rhythmical music with a tussis nervosa [nervous cough].

  45. Anna O: onset of cough • Wish to leave father and join friends at dance • Self-reproaches • Cough as symptom  “Incompatible Idea”

  46. “Anna O”Bertha Pappenheim

  47. Transference • Transference: Anna O had fallen in love with Dr. Breuer • Counter-Transference: Dr. Breuer had fallen in love with Anna O • Hysterical childbirth

  48. Bertha Pappenheim • Suffered relapse, hospitalized • As “Paul Berthold” translated Vindication of the Rights of Women • Wrote play, “The Rights of Women” • Director of orphanage; destitute girls • Saved girls from prostitution • Founder of social work and leader of women’s rights

  49. Bertha Pappenheim • “Silenced” as dutiful daughter in conservative home? • Tension intensified by father’s illness, nursing role, self-reproaches? • “Talking cure” with Breuer helped cure her? • Found voice in women’s movement  Hysteria as pathological reaction to cultural silencing + personal trauma or incompatible idea?

  50. Summary • Trauma: painful memory incompatible idea • Symptom: “conversion” hysteria • Treatment: re-experiencing

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