Earth & Space Science

1. Earth & Space Science

2. The Solar System • The solar system consists of the Sun; the eight planets, more than 130 satellites of the planets, a large number of small bodies(the comets and asteroids). (There are probably also many more planetary satellites that have not yet been discovered.).

3. Size perspective! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58fs5yI8K9I&feature=related

4. Earth • Earth is 92,960,000 miles from the sun, and is the 3rd planet from the sun. • Venus is one planet closer to the sun and is too hot to support life. • Mars is one planet further from the sun and is too cold to support life. .

5. The Sun • The Sun is an average sized star at the center of the Solar System. • The sun is one ofmore than 100 billion stars in the Milky Way (our galaxy) • The visible part of the sun is roughly 10,000degrees F , while temperatures in the core reach more than 27 million degrees F • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4iD-9GSW-0

6. Our Moon • The Moon is a cold, rocky body about 2,160 miles in diameter. • It has no light of its own but shines by sunlight reflected from its surface. • The Moon orbits Earth about once every 29 and a half days • The moon is 238,900 miles from earth!

7. The Moon • The U.S. sent man to the moon in 1969. No other country has yet achieved this.

8. Solar Eclipse • A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and Sun. • The Moon's shadow falls on Earth's surface and an eclipse of the Sun is seen from that region.

9. Solar Eclipse • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_201ttTSG30

10. Lunar Eclipse • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuhNZejHeBg

11. Lunar Eclipse • A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes behind the Earth so that the Earth passes between the sun and the moon. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly

12. The Seasons • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXY79qBxovE • The tilt of the earth is what creates the seasons. • When the hemisphere is tilted towards the sun and gets the direct rays of the sun, it experiences warmer weather and summer. • When the hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, it experiences colder weather and winter.

13. Space Exploration • Space exploration Timeline-who started it? • 1957- Soviet Union first launched Sputnik. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErLQ03dLFHk • Why study space? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAPDnQ5aZ6E

14. What’s next in space exploration? • The Future? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDuAd6UdCJw

15. International Space Station • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueWGje_Y7lk

16. International Space Station • Large spacecraft that orbits Earth about 220 miles above Earth. • Many countries worked together to build it and use it. • Many pieces were put together in space by astronauts. The first piece was launched in 1998 by Russia, then more pieces were added. • The first crew arrived in October 2000. People have lived on the space station ever since. • NASA and its partners around the world finished the space station in 2011.

17. It hasn’t always been perfectDisasters! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWfOjCWKFLY • Space shuttles to space station haven’t always made it back! • 1986 Challenger exploded at take off • 2003 Columbia exploded at earth re-entry

18. What’s next in space exploration? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d34S8eoofds

19. Benefits of space exploration • Technological advancement • National Security • Economic Benefits: employment of thousands • Social & Technological benefits • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7unAtCDrsQ

20. Beyond Tang: The Hidden Benefits of the Space Program

21. Space Program Benefits • US Space Program has been around since 1958 • Technology developed for space program has often subsequently provided practical benefits to society.

22. Health and Medical Spinoffs

23. ICU Monitoring Systems • Developed from systems used to monitor astronauts during the space missions.

24. Image Processing • Image Processing technology now used in CAT scans and MRI evolved from techniques originally developed for analyzing lunar and planetary images.

25. Breast Cancer Detection • BioScan System detects new cancer lesions by looking for heat caused by increased blood flow. • Infrared imaging technology originally developed for planetary and terrestrial observations.

26. Other Medical Spinoffs Molecular Modeling CCD Imaging Robotic Surgery Telemedicine

27. Transportation and Public Safety Spinoffs

28. Highway Monitoring • Monitoring of traffic at multiple intersections and highways was developed from NASA Mission Control technology.

29. Grooved Highways and Runways • NASA research showed that cutting thin grooves across concrete runways reduces the risk of hydroplaning. • These grooves improve aircraft tire friction performance in wet conditions by 200-300%.

30. Global Positioning Satellite Technology • Global satellites now provide very precise positional information. • GPS units have dramatically improved search and rescue operations. • Wide Area Augmentation System provides detailed information on aircraft locations.

31. Other Transportation Spinoffs Composite Materials Automatic Navigation Systems Fuel Cell Technology

32. Consumer Spinoffs

33. Communications • Communication satellites have revolutionized long-distance telephone communications. • Much of the cell phone technology has been derived from space program spinoffs.

34. Scratch-Resistant Lenses • Coatings developed by NASA for spacecraft have been adapted to produce lenses which are 10x more scatch-resistant than ordinary glass lenses.

35. Product Coding • NASA developed computer-read bar coding to keep track of shuttle parts. • Now used to “scan” products at check-out counters.

36. Other Consumer Spinoffs Camera Chips Chair Lifts  Fiber Optics

37. Environmental and Resource Management

38. Weather Satellites • Weather satellites have dramatically improved weather forecasts and severe weather predictions.

39. Volcano and Wildfire Monitoring

40. Resource Monitoring • Remote sensing technology developed for analysis of planetary images has improved agricultural production. • Similar technology can be used for natural resource management and disaster analysis.

41. Other Environmental Spinoffs Digital Maps Ocean Studies Ozone Hole and Climate Studies

42. Computer Technology

43. Miniaturization • Much of the technology which has led to smaller computers was derived from NASA’s need to reduce weight on space missions.

44. Data Analysis Tools • The need to sort through huge amounts of data from space missions has led to data analysis tools useful in many everyday applications.

45. Automatic Detection Techniques • Technology to develop rovers with autonomous hazard detection capability is being used in robots to explore hazardous environments on Earth.

46. Scientific Knowledge

47. Greenhouse Effect • The extreme greenhouse effect identified on Venus in the 1960’s led to more research into global warming on Earth.

48. Climate Change • Mars is now believed to have once been much more Earth-like, with lakes and possibly oceans of liquid water. • What happened to Mars to make it the cold, dry world we see today? • Could something similar happen to Earth?

49. Sun-Earth Connections • SOHO and other Sun-observing spacecraft help us determine when flares and coronal mass ejections might affect Earth and our orbiting spacecraft.

50. Search for Life • Consideration of possible habitats conducive to life elsewhere in the solar system and universe has led to discovery of life in extreme terrestrial environments.