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Metabolisme Protein & Pengendalian Metabolisme

Metabolisme Protein & Pengendalian Metabolisme. Pendahuluan. Hubungan katabolisme & anabolisme protein, Lipid & Karbohidrat Siklus Nitrogen : Fiksasi Nitrogen Sistem enzim: nitrogenase & nitrogenase reduktase

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Metabolisme Protein & Pengendalian Metabolisme

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  1. Metabolisme Protein & Pengendalian Metabolisme

  2. Pendahuluan • Hubungan katabolisme & anabolisme protein, Lipid & Karbohidrat • Siklus Nitrogen: • Fiksasi Nitrogen • Sistem enzim: nitrogenase & nitrogenase reduktase • N2 + 8e- + 16ATP + 16H2O -> 2NH3 + H2 + 16ADP + 16 Pi + 8 H+ (Klebsiella pneumoniae) • Penggunaan Amonia • Fosfatidilserin

  3. Katabolisme Protein • sumber asam amino dalam mamalia • protein dari diet • Protein dalam tubuh • waktu paruh protein • ubiquitinasi

  4. Degradasi asam amino

  5. Hubungan katabolisme protein dengan TCA • Metabolisme Ser, Gly, Thr • Dikatalisis oleh enzim Serine threonine dehydratase

  6. Pemindahan gugus amin • Transaminase: • pemindahan gugus amin, biasanya glutamat, kepada asam -Keto. • Macamnya: SGPT, SGOT • Deaminasi: glutamat dehidrogenase • Deaminasi oksidatif: • glutamin synthetase • asparagin synthetase

  7. Transaminasi • SGPT • SGOT • Memerlukan koenzim

  8. Detoksifikasi amonia • Transport amonia: • Ke hati untuk sintesis urea • Siklus Urea: • salah satu cara penghilangan amonia • hanya dimiliki oleh organisme ureotelik • sintesis arginin dari ornitin

  9. Siklus Urea

  10. Asam amino yang masuk lewat seny. antara pada TCA Konversi terjadi melalui transaminasi, deaminasi, dekarboksilasi dll Asam amino yang mengandung sulfur Diawali dengan terbentuknya PAPS (3’phosphoadenosin-5’-phosphosulfate) Biosintesis sistein dan metionin (tanaman & bakteri) Biosintesissistein pada hewan Metionin  sistation  sistein defek Asam amino aromatik (phe,…) & his Jalur sikimat : Tahap 1 dan tahap 2 Ames test: His operon  carcinogenic comp. Biosintesis asam amino

  11. sikimat

  12. Cholinergic synapses Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Adrenergic Receptor  katekolamins 1. Choline + Acetyl-CoA <=> Acetylcholine + CoASH (dikatalisis oleh Choline Acetyltransferase) 2. Acetylcholine+ H2O <=>Choline + Acetate (dikatalisis oleh Acetylcholinesterase) Asam amino dan neurotransmitter

  13. PENGENDALIAN METABOLISME • Pengendalian aktivitas enzim • inhibisi balik (feed back inhibiton) -- enzim allosterik • Glutamin synthetase : inh. Allosterik: his, trp, G-6P, karbamoil fosfat, CTP, AMP or Ala, Gly • Modifikasi kovalen • Kompartementasi • Pengendalian konsentrasi enzim: • induktif • konstitutif • Pengendalian oleh kerja Hormon: • Contoh: insulin, glukagon - ada hirarkhi • jumlah & waktu paruh rendah - lokasi produksi  efek.

  14. Pada tingkat apa expresi gen dikendalikan? Disemua tahap antara DNA & Protein mRNA tak aktif 5 Degradasi mRNA nucleus cytosol Pre- mRNA DNA mRNA mRNA 1 Pengendalian transkripsi 2 Pemrosesan RNA Aktivitas protein 6 3 Transport RNA 4 Pengendalian translasi Protein tak aktif subject to a wide variety of regulatory control protein

  15. Jacob-Monod (1961)

  16. Pengendalian positif & Negatif

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