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Revision time!

Revision time!. Without looking at your notes or books! Define the term instrumental role (2 marks) Define the term symmetrical family (2 marks). Families Revision Topics. Click on the links to access your chosen revision topic. Increasing Equality?. Domestic Division of Labour.

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Revision time!

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  1. Revision time! • Without looking at your notes or books! • Define the term instrumental role (2 marks) • Define the term symmetrical family (2 marks)

  2. Families Revision Topics Click on the links to access your chosen revision topic Increasing Equality? Domestic Division of Labour Resources and decision-making Domestic Violence Couples Childhood Theories of the Family Demography Changing Family Patterns Family Diversity Families and Social Policy Families Exam Questions AS Families Exam Questions A Level Childhood as a Social Construct The future of Childhood Has the position of Children improved? Personal life perspective Functionalist perspective Marxist perspective Feminist perspective Ageing population Globalisation and Migration Births Deaths Migration Divorce Partnerships Parents & Children Ethnic differences Extended Family today Modernism and the nuclear family Postmodernism and family diversity A Comparative view of family policy Perspectives on Family policy ITEM B Q - 08 Q - 09 Q - 10 Q - 11 Q-12 ITEMS Q - 04 Q - 05 Q - 06

  3. Couples To contents

  4. Parsons: Instrumental and expressive roles (1955) • Instrumental: • The husband is the breadwinner – he goes out to work and takes care of the economic needs of the family • Expressive: • The mother is the homemaker – she does housework and childcare and takes care of the emotional needs of the family • Based on biological differences • Beneficial to men, women, children and wider society • New Right thinkers agree To contents Evaluation

  5. Evaluation of Parsons • March of Progress • Young and Willmott (1962) • Men now take a bigger share of tasks • More wives becoming wage earners • Feminists • Division of labour not natural/biological • The domestic division of labour benefits men only Back To contents

  6. Bott: Joint and Segregated Conjugal Roles (1957) • Segregated conjugal roles: • Separate roles – male breadwinner and female homemaker. Leisure activities are separate • Joint conjugal roles • The couple share housework and childcare. Leisure time spent together. Back To contents Research

  7. Studies on roles • Young and Willmott (1973) • Bethnal Green, working class area of East London • In 1950’s mostly segregated roles and extended families • Men spent most leisure time in pubs with workmates Back To contents

  8. Young & Willmott:The Symmetrical Family (1973) • March of progress view • Family life improving for all members • More equal and democratic over time • Long term trend away from segregated conjugal roles • Move towards joint conjugal roles and the ‘symmetrical family’ Back To contents Research

  9. Studies on roles • Young and Willmott (1973) • Bethnal Green, working class area of East London • In 1970’s mostly symmetrical families • More common in younger, more geographically isolated and more affluent couples • Changes due to: • Changes in women’s position • Geographical mobility • New technology • Higher standards of living Back To contents

  10. A feminist view of housework • Feminists reject march of progress view • Women still unequal in the family • Women still do most of the housework and childcare • Stems from fact that society is patriarchal Back To contents Research

  11. Studies on housework • Oakley (1974) • Some evidence of husbands helping out at home • No trend towards symmetry • Only 15% had high level of participation in housework and only 25% in childcare • Husbands only do pleasurable aspects of childcare • Women left with more time for housework Back To contents More Research

  12. More Studies on housework • Boulton (1983) • Less than 20% husbands have major role in childcare • Mothers almost always have overall responsibility for children’s security and well-being • Warde and Hetherington (1993) • Sex-typing of domestic tasks remains strong • Men only do ‘female’ tasks when women not there • Slight attitude change in younger men – no longer assume women should do housework Back To contents

  13. Couples To contents

  14. The Impact of Paid Work • The fact that most wives now go out to work either full or part time raises 2 questions: • Are domestic tasks now shared more equally with the ‘new man’ now taking his fair share of housework and childcare? (March of Progress) • Do women just have to carry a ‘dual burden’ of paid work and domestic work? (Feminists) Back To contents

  15. The March of Progress View • Optimistic view – couples gradually becoming more equal • Men becoming more involved in housework and childcare • Women becoming more involved in paid work Back To contents Research

  16. Studies on equality among couples • Gershuny (1994) • Women working full time leading to more equal division of labour • Working women spend less time doing housework than other women • Sullivan (2000) • Trend towards women doing smaller share of domestic work and men doing more since 1975 • Increase in number of couples with equal division of labour • Men more likely to participate in ‘female’ tasks now Back To contents More Research

  17. More studies on equality among couples • British Social Attitudes Survey (2013) • Fall in number of people who think it is a man’s job to earn money and a woman’s job to do the housework and childcare • About ¼ of the numbers of people who agreed with this view om 1984 • Reflects changes in attitudes to the traditional division of labour Back To contents

  18. The feminist view • Women going to paid work has not led to greater equality • Little evidence of ‘the new man’ • Women now carry a ‘dual burden’ Back To contents Research

  19. Studies on equality among couples • British Social Attitudes Survey (2013) • Men do on average 8 hours of housework a week whereas women do 13 • Men do 10 hours care for family members per week whereas women do 23 • 60% of women felt this was unfair • No change in the types of tasks men and women do since 1993 – still strongly sex-typed • Allan (1985) • Womens’s tasks are less intrinsically satisfying Back To contents

  20. Taking responsibility for children • Feminists point out: • Fathers may help with specific childcare tasks • Mothers are usually responsible for the overall security and well-being of the children. Back To contents Research

  21. Studies on childcare • Ferri and Smith (1996) • Fathers take responsibility for childcare in less than 4% of families • Dex and Ward (2007) • 78% of fathers would play with their 3 year-olds • Only 1% would care for them when sick • Braun, Vincent and Ball (2011) • 3/70 families studied has the father as main carer • Most were ‘background fathers’ with a ‘provider ideology’ • Mothers saw themselves as primary carers due to ‘intensive mothering’ media messages telling them how to be good mothers Back To contents

  22. Emotion work and the triple shift • Arlie Russell Hochschild (2013) • ‘emotion work’ is another aspect of the carer role • Managing feelings of family members e.g. handling jealousies, squabbles and happiness of family members • Have to handle own emotions also • Dunscombe and Marsden (1995) • Emotion work is a third strand of the woman’s role • Working women do a triple shift of paid work, housework and emotion work Back To contents

  23. Taking responsibility for ‘quality time’ • Mothers usually take responsibility for coordinating, scheduling and managing the family’s ‘quality time’ together (Southerton, 2011) • This is now more difficult due to 24/7 society and flexible working patterns and time is now more fragmented and de-routinised • Men and women have almost equal amounts of leisure time but experience it differently • Men in solid blocks/uninterrupted • Women punctuated by childcare and having to multi-task a dual burden with more tasks to manage Back To contents

  24. Explaining the gender division of labour • Crompton and Lyonette (2008) identify two different explanations for the unequal division of labour • Cultural/ideological explanation • Patriarchal norms and values shape gender roles –women are expected to do more domestic labour and this is how they are socialised • Material/economic explanation • Women earn less than men so it makes financial sense for them to do more housework/childcare Back To contents

  25. Evidence for the cultural explanation • Equality will only be achieved when norms about gender roles change. • Attitudes • Values • Expectations • Role models • Socialisation Back To contents Research

  26. Studies on cultural explanation • Gershuny (1994) • Couples whose parents had more equal relationships more likely to be equal themselves • Role models are important • Social values gradually changing to accept full-time working women • New norm of men doing more domestic work Back To contents More Research

  27. Studies on cultural explanation • Man Yee Kan (2001) • Younger men do more domestic work • Future Foundation (2000) • Most men claim to do more housework than their father • Most women claim to do less housework than their mother • Suggests a generational shift in behaviour Back To contents More Research

  28. Studies on cultural explanation • The British Social Attitudes Survey (2013) • Less than 10% of under 35’s agree with traditional division of labour • 30% of over 65’s agree • Indicates long term changes in norms, values and attitudes • Gillian Dunne (1999) • Lesbian couples have more equal relationships • Absence of heterosexual ‘gender scripts’ Back To contents

  29. Evidence for the material explanation • If women join the labour force and earn as much as partners, domestic work is also likely to become more equal. • But in 7/8 households women earn less than men – partly because women with children more likely to work part-time • Crompton(1997) argues there is no prospect of equal division of labour if it depends on economic equality between the sexes. Back To contents Research

  30. Studies on material explanation • Kan (2001) • For every £10k per year more a woman earns, she does 2 hours less housework per week • Arber and Ginn (1995) • Better paid, m/c women able to buy in good s and services to reduce the amount of domestic work they have to do Back To contents More Research

  31. Studies on material explanation • Ramos (2003) • If a man is unemployed and woman is working, the man does as much domestic labour as the woman • Sullivan (2000) • Full time work has bigger impact on reducing domestic labour than part-time work Back To contents

  32. Couples To contents

  33. Resources and decision-making in households • Inequalities in: • how family’s resources are shared out • who controls the family’s income • who has the power to decide how the family’s money is spent • Barrett and McIntosh (1991) • Men gain more from womens’ domestic work they give in financial support • This support is unpredictable/has strings attached • Men usually make important spending decisions Back To contents Research

  34. Studies into inequality of resources and decision making • Kempson (1994) • In low income families women deny their own needs • Don’t go out , eat smaller portions and skip meals to make ends meet • In many households women don’t have access to household resources • likely to see spending on herself as wrong • Even in higher income households many women are in poverty due to unequal sharing of resources Back To contents

  35. Studies on Money Management • Pahl and Vogler (1993): • 2 main types of control over family income • Allowance System • Men give a set amount to wives for spending on household needs • Pooling • Joint access to money and responsibility for spending • Now most common and on the increase Back To contents

  36. Studies on Decision-Making • Pahl and Vogler (2007) • Even where pooling occurs, men usually make major financial decisions • Hardill (1997) • 30 dual career couples • Important decisions taken by man alone or jointly • Man’s career takes priority over woman’s • Finch (1983) • Women’s lives tend be structured around husbands’ careers Back To contents More Research

  37. Studies on decision-making • Edgell (1980) study of professional couples: • Very important decisions made by husband or jointly but husband has final say • Important decisions mostly made jointly • Less important decisions mostly made by wife • Maybe because men earn more Back To contents Evaluation

  38. Criticism of Edgell’s study • Laurie and Gershuny (2000) • Found that by 1995 70% couples had equal say in decisions • Women who were high earning professionals more likely to have an equal say. • Supports material explanation of gender inequality among couples Back To contents

  39. The meaning of money: a personal life perspective • Pooling does not always mean equality • Who controls the money? Does each partner contribute equally? If they earn different amounts but contribute the same is this still equality? • Keeping money separate does not always mean inequality • Cohabiting couples less likely to pool, but more likely to share domestic tasks equally • Nyman (2003) suggests to understand equality we need to understand the meaning of money for each individual and couple Back To contents Research

  40. A personal life perspective on money: Studies • Smart (2007) • Some gay/lesbian couples don’t care who controls the money – happy to leave it to partner • Did not see it as an indicator of equality in relationship • Weeks et al (2001) • Typical pattern in pooling some money for household spending and separate accounts for everything else - coindependence Back To contents

  41. Couples To contents

  42. Domestic violence overview • Too widespread to be the work of a few disturbed individuals • Does not occur randomly but follows patterns Back To contents Research

  43. Research on patterns of D.V. • Women’s Aid Federation (2014) • DV accounts for up to ¼ all violent crime • Crime Survey for England and Wales (2013) • 2 million people reported being victim of DV in previous year • Coleman et al (2007) • Women 4 times more likely to have experienced intimate abuse than men • Coleman and Osborne (2010) • 2 women a week, 1/3 all murder victims, killed by a partner or ex-partner Back To contents More Research

  44. Research on pattern of D.V. • Dobash and Dobash (1997:2007) • Wives slapped, pushed, beaten, raped and killed by husbands • Set off by challenge to husband’s authority • Marriage legitimates violence by conferring power and authority on men and dependency on women • Crime Survey for England and Wales (2013) • Found relatively narrow gender gap of DV victims • 7.3% women vs 5% men • Still a significant gender gap in terms of severity, frequency and effects Back To contents More Research

  45. Research on patterns of D.V. • Walby and Allen (2004) • Women much more likely to be victims of multiple incidents of abuse and sexual violence • Ansara and Hindin (2011) • Women suffer more severe violence and control with more serious psychological effects • Women more likely than men to be afraid of partner • Dar (2013) • Difficult to count separate incidents as abuse may be constant or occur too often to count Back To contents

  46. Official Statistics • OS understate the extent of the problem of DV • Victims unwilling to report • Yearnshire (1997) women suffer ave. 35 attacks before reporting to police • Dar (2013) fear of reprisal or see it as too trivial • Police/prosecutors unwilling to record, investigate or prosecute • Cheal (1991) police/state agencies incorrectly assume • Family is private and should not interfere • Family is good – ignore ‘dark side’ • Women are free to leave Back To contents

  47. Explanations of domestic violence • The radical feminist explanation • A cultural explanation • Based on the role of patriarchal ideas, cultural values and institutions • The materialist explanation • Emphasis on economic factors like lack of resources Back To contents

  48. The radical feminist explanation • Patterns of DV evidence of patriarchy • Men are the enemy, oppressors and exploiters of women • Family and marriage as main source of women’s oppression • In the family men dominate women with DV or threat of it • Widespread DV is inevitable in patriarchal society, and a way for men to control women, hence why it mostly done by males • DV preserves male power over women • Male domination of state institutions explains why they are reluctant to investigate or deal with it properly Back To contents Evaluation

  49. Evaluation of the radical feminist explanation • Robertson Elliott (1996) • Not all men are aggressive and most are opposed to DV • Radical feminists fail to explain female violence • Crime survey for England and Wales (2013): 18% men have experience DV since age 16 • Assume all women are equally at risk of DV and fail to explain which women are more likely to be at risk and why Back To contents

  50. The materialist explanation • Wilkinson and Pickett (2010) • DV is result of stress on family members caused by social inequality • Low income leads to more stress and inability to maintain stable, caring relationships • Increased risk of violence Back To contents Evaluation

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