Scientific Revolution: A New Way of Thinking

1. Scholars challenged ancient ideas Replaced old assumptions Formed new theories Launched a change in thought Scientific Revolution New way of thinking about the natural world Careful observation, willingness to question accepted beliefs Scientific Revolution: A New Way of Thinking

2. Combined ancient & current scientific knowledge Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics Arab/ Muslim Translations Discoveries Explorations Invention of the Printing Press Challenged ideas (new & old) Spurred new research Desire for knowledge

3. Scientific Method • Despite the opposition of religious authorities, by the early 1600s, a new approach to science had emerged. Unlike most earlier approaches, it did not rely on authorities like Aristotle or Ptolemy or even the Bible. It depended instead upon observation and experimentation. It was known as the Scientific Method (p.357) • State the problem • Gather information • Form a hypothesis, or educated guess • Experiment to test the hypothesis • Record and analyze data • State a conclusion • Repeat the steps

4. People of the Scientific Revolution • This figure pioneered of the use of the Scientific Method in chemistry. He is best known for discovering a law that helps to explain certain characteristics of volume, gas, and pressure. Robert Boyle

5. People of the Scientific Revolution • Among his many accomplishments, this great mathematician and physicist brought together some of the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion known as the Law of Universal Gravitation. Sir Isaac Newton

6. People of the Scientific Revolution • This English politician and writer had a passion for science. He argued for the adoption of new scientific techniques such as experimentation and observation. Francis Bacon

7. People of the Scientific Revolution • After studying planetary movements for many years, this astronomer reasoned that the stars and planets revolved around the sun. Fearing ridicule and persecution, he did not publish his findings until 1543, the year of his death. Nicolaus Copernicus

8. People of the Scientific Revolution • Among his many scientific discoveries are the law of the pendulum and the fact that falling objects accelerate at fixed and predictable rates. Despite his genius, he lived the last years of his life under house arrest because his findings contradicted Christian teachings. Galileo Galilei

9. People of the Scientific Revolution • Developed analytical geometry • Algebra + geometry • Used for scientific research • Mathematics & logic • Not experimentation • Doubted until proved by reason • “I think, therefore I am.” • Basis of modern scientific methods ReneDescartes

10. Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment • 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature • Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. • Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws? • Laws that govern human nature • Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

11. Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke Voltaire Baron de Montesquieu

12. Jean Jacques Rousseau • Believed that people in their natural state were basically good but were corrupted by the evils of society. He believed the government should have minimum control over the people and the government should be one that was freely elected.

13. William Blackstone Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-1769) • Best-known description of the doctrines of English law; it became the basis of university legal education in England and North America. • Established the standard for American Law

14. Enlightenment Thinkers In republican governments, men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the latter, because they are nothing. ~Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Bk. VI, Ch.2 The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property. ~John Locke Second Treatise of Government ChXIX, “Of the Dissolution in Government”

15. Hobbes: Social Contract Thomas Hobbes John Locke • Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. • To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. • Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. • Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly. • Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good • Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property • People form governments to protect natural rights • Best government was one with limited power • If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

16. Separation of Powers • Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government • British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception) • Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two • What government does this sound like?

17. Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society • Detested the slave trade and slavery • Deplored religious prejudice • Defended freedom of speech • Attacked divine right theory • Urged education for all • Hated unequal distribution of property • Believed governments should be freely elected • Women’s first duty was to her family

18. Enlightenment Changes Society • Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality • Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms) • Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart) • Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming) • Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cruesoe)

19. Enlightenment Changes Society • Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: Slow to change and hurt the worst • Serfdom disappears in the west, rises in the east • Peasants in Western Europe allowed to own or rent land • All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar issues • Forced into military • Lands could be torn up without compensation by nobility • Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely

20. Enlightenment Video • Take notes as you watch the video.

21. Enlightenment:Art & Music

22. Baroque vs. Rococo Baroque: • During time of absolute monarchs • Grand & complex; painting were huge, colorful, & full of excitement • Glorified historic battles or lives of saints • Matched the grandeur of European courts Rococo: • mid-1700s • Personal, elegant, charming, delicate • Rural settings surrounded by happy servants and pets

23. Baroque or Rococo?

24. Baroque or Rococo?

25. Enlightenment Music: from Baroque to Classical • New kinds of musical entertainment evolved during this era – ballets and operas • Music followed ordered, structured forms suited to the Age of Reason (Enlightenment)

26. Johann Sebastian Bach1685-1750 • Baroque Period - wrote complex, beautiful religious works for organ and choirs • Works include the Brandenburg Concertos, Fugue in C Minor, Fugue in D Minor

27. George Frederick Handel1685-1759 • Baroque Period - wrote Water Music for King George I of England • Most famous work, the Messiah, is a standard at Christmas and Easter

28. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart1756-1791 • Classical Period- wrote over 600 works including brilliant operas, symphonies, and religious music that defined a new style of composition (see p. 454) • Works include Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, The Marriage of Figaro

29. Ludwig van Beethoven1770-1827 • Classical Period-regarded as one of the most important of a generation of young composers following Haydn and Mozart • Completely deaf by his 30s, he continued to compose, conduct, and perform • Works include Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 9 (Ode to Joy), Für Elise, Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique)

30. English Enlightenment • Effects of Mercantilism: England built a colonial and commercial empire that reached around the world.(13 Colonies / Canada / India / Caribbean) England became the leading power in Europe. England placed FEW restrictions on trade. • Effect of Navy: No standing army. England had the largest fleet in the world and the Navy made England a GLOBAL power.

31. English Enlightenment • Constitutional Government: Government was limited and defined. The King's power was limited by Parliament. No single document, the "Constitution" is made up of traditions derived from the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights. • Political Parties : 2 Parties - Tories were mostly rich landowners (aristocrats that lived on country estates), while the WHIGS were mostly urban dwellers (people in the cities). • Oligarchy Parliament - Both Houses of the English Parliament (House of Lords & House of Commons) were controlled by rich landowners and merchants. This government of a few rich people is an OLIGARCHY. So in England it was an "oligarchy parliament". • George III (1760 - 1820) King for 60 years. He became MAD. During his reign England LOST the US colonies (low point). In 1815 England defeated Napolean at the Battle of Waterloo (high point).