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CONCEPT **MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON THE PROTECTION OFFOREST IN EUROPE,1993,HELSINKI- SFM as “ the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way,and at a rate,that maintains their bio-diversity, productivity, regeneration capacity,vitality, and their potential to fulfil,now and the future,relevant ecological, economic and social functions,at local, national,and global levels,and threat does not cause damage to their eco-systems”***It includes-afforestation,reforestation,degradation, restoration,forest-bio-diversity protection-6 criteria,35 indicators.**UN-2008, SFM aims to maintain and enhance the economic,social and environmental values of all types of forests ,for the benefit of present and future generations.
WHAT CAN FOREST DO • 1.6 billion or 20% of world population depend on forest resources. • In 2004, trade in forest products was 4% of global trade or 327 bi $ • Tropical regions contain 13 million hectares • Forest affects biophysical properties of land surface • Forest ecosystems contain 638 billion ton of carbon • Growth rate of forest carbon depletion rate is 1.6 ton per year • Deforestation accounts for 35% carbon emission in developing countries. • FAO- 13 million hectares of forest lost per year during 2000-05,and 5.7 million hectares of forest added-A net loss of 7.3 million hectares • Agriculture and forestry emitted highest % of emission in 2004 (IPCC)
ELEMENTS OF FORESTMANAGEMENT • SFM contains six quantitative criteria and 35 indicators • Qualitative indicators categories into,[i] policies,instruments,institutions for SFM,[ii] policies,instruments and institutions for policies. • SFM maintains the functions of global ecosystem and global bio-diversity. • Guidelines for conservations and sustainable use of bio-diversity are,[i] establish forest management plan,[ii] observe national law,[iii] attention to local species,[iv]plan the allocation of tropical production forest,[v] raise public awareness,[vi]facilitate ecological research,[vii] minimise risk of invasive species,[viii]manage planted forest in a way that benefit bio-diversity,[ix]improve ecological knowledge etc. • UNDP urges the issues of maintaining management strategies,using measurable criteria and indicators of forest health and quality, recognising public interest,capitalising traditional knowledge of local community,improving knowledge of forest ecosystem functions. • ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organisation)and IUCN(2009) (International Union for Conservation of Nature) recognises forest landscape restorations activities which incorporate bio-diversity conservation goals.It benefitted sustainable income,increased habitat,increased resilience to climate change,secure quality supply of water and timber for industries.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT • Climate change has a significant negative relationship with forest depletion. • Deforestation accounts for 35% of carbon emission. • To half deforestation is to global gain of 3.7 trillion dollar per year by 2100. • Protecting and restoring bio-diversity serves to maintain resilience in forests and carbon sequestration is an ecosystem service that provides a vital contribution to climate change mitigation. • suggestions ecological principles to maintain and enhance long term forests resilience under climate change; • [1] Maintain genetic diversity in forests • [2] Maintain stand and landscape structural complexity • [3] Maintain connectivity across forest landscapes • [4] Maintain functional diversity and eliminate conversion of diverse natural forests to monotypic or reduced species plantation. • [5] Reduce the possibility of negative outcomes • [6] Reduce non-natural competition. • [7] Maintain biodiversity at all scales and of all elements. • [8] Ensure that there are national and regional networks of scientifically designed, comprehensive, adequate, and representative protected areas. Build these networks into national and regional planning for large scale landscape connectivity.
Recommendationsfor land use and forest management related to climate change • [i] Representing forest types across environmental gradients in reserves, • [ii] Protecting climatic refugia at multiple scale, • [iii] Protecting primary forests, • [iv] Avoiding fragmentation and providing connectivity especially parallel to climate gradients • [v] Providing buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries • [vi] Protecting low-intensity forestry and preventing conversion of natural forests to plantations, • [vii] Maintaining natural fire regimes, • [viii] Maintaining diverse gene pools and • [ix] Identifying and protecting functional groups and keystone species.
As a consequence of climate change,forests may soon face rapid alterations in the timing,intensity,frequency and extent of disturbances.There are eight disturbances on forests that may affect climate change,eg,[i] fire,[ii] hurricane,[iii] tornado,[iv] ica,[v] insects and pathogens,[vi] exotic species,[vii] landslides and [viii] drought. • Following chart showed the relation among forest management,climate change and disturbances, ( one to one relation):
COPENHAGEN,CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT • Effect of climate change • DESTROY ECOSYSTEM OF SEA,CORAL FORMATION • VANISH NATIONAL PARK OF ALASKA, FLORIDA,Sundarban • DESTROY WORLD ECO-SYSTEM • DISTURB BIO-DIVERSITY • DECREASE AGRICULTURAL PROD. • HAMPER FOOD SECURITY • NEXT 100 YEARS,100C RISE • SEA LEVEL 6 METERS RISE • Africa will suffer most. • Imbalance of global energy
CO2 EMISSION COUNTRY ‘000 METRIC TON CO2 % OF THE TOTAL USA 5762050 25.2 CHINA 3473600 15.2 RUSSIA 1540360 6.7 JAPAN 1224740 5.4 INDIA 1007980 4.4 GERMANY 837425 3.7 UK 558225 2.4 CANADA 521404 2.3 ITALY 446596 2.0 MEXICO 385075 1.7 FRANCE 363484 1.6 AUSTRALIA 332377 1.5 BRAZIL 327838 1.4
COPENHAGEN-2009 OUTCOME- USA WILL CUT CO2 17% BY 2020 BASE 2005( 4% WITH BASE 1990),INDUSTRIALISED NATIONS CUT 16-23% BY 2020 BASE 2005,EU will cut 50%,IPCC TARGET 25-40% BY 2020 BASE 1990 IF 2OC RISE,PROPOSE CARBON PRICE • DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SPEND 30 BILLION DOLLAR /YEAR TO PREVENT DEFORESTATION,TO CLEAN INDUSTRIES,TO PROTECT CLIMATE CHANGE • DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SPEND 100 BILLION DOLLAR/YEAR • NO AGREEMENT SIGNED • ON FOREST MANAGEMENT-LULUCF,AND REDD+ WERE SIGNED • Global Fund will set up • Emphasis on food security,bio-diversity,S.D.
REDD(Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) • UN-REDD programme is funded by Norwegian govt.,then collaborated with World Bank. • REDD has 4 types of cost-Implementation cost, Administrative cost,Transport cost and Stabilisation cost • For 5 billion dollar a year,REDD can protect nearly 20% of the tropical forests in danger of deforestation and 20 billion a year can protect about a half. • REDD is a high cost project for LDC ,so sustainable livelihood is not guaranteed. • REDD focus on tropical deforestation and ignore potential carbon savings • It seeks low ambition for reducing fossil fuel emissions • REDD text has several constraint too. • REDD requires strong governance and monitoring and high level of political will and commitment otherwise it will be a disaster.
LULUCF(Land Use ,Land Use Change and Forestry) • U.N.Climate Change Secretariate defined LULUCF as “ A GHG inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of GHG resulting from direct human induced LULUCF activities”. It covers cropland and grazing land management,land clearing and forest management in developed countries .LULUCF has impacts on global carbon cycles and as such there activities can add or remove CO2 from atmosphere, contributing to climate change. • One fifth of the global emissions result from LULUCF activities • Mitigation achieved through activities in the LULUCF sector,either by increasing the removal of GHG from the atmosphere or by reducing emissions by sources,can be relatively cost effective. • options for improving LULUCF under the heads of [i] forest and wetland degradation,[ii] forest harvested wood products and [iii] approach for fuller accounting. We have got three possible approaches to fuller accounting,
CLIMATE ACTION NETWORK proposed additional principles like,consistent and transperant rules,inclusion of major sources of emission,greater accountability,to employ mitigation approaches, emission reductions commitments must be on new rules,LULUCF credits must not be undermine etc. • LULUCF rules should induce Parties to maximize benefits to carbon storage, sequestration potential, biodiversity and ecosystem services by employing the mitigation approaches, while at the same time inducing Parties to avoid the conversion of primary forests to modified natural forests, and the conversion of forests to plantations.
Conclusion • GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY –allocated 1.5 billion dollar and 4.5 billion dollar in co-financing in bio-diversity , land degradation and sustainable forest management. • GLOBAL FOREST ALLIANCES-conducted technical assistance of 100 million dollar and carbon finance of 200 million dollar by 2015 to improve 500 million forest dependent poor people,to conserve 1 billion ton of CO2,to bring 300 million hectares of production forest,to create 50 million hectares of new protected areas.
