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Cell Theory

Cell Theory. All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of life Cells today come only from other living cells. Robert Hooke first saw cells in 1665. The Structure of a Cell. All cells have Plasma membrane Cytosol DNA Ribosomes. Two Major Types of Cells. Prokaryotic

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Cell Theory

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  1. Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic unit of life • Cells today come only from other living cells Robert Hooke first saw cells in 1665

  2. The Structure of a Cell • All cells have • Plasma membrane • Cytosol • DNA • Ribosomes

  3. Two Major Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • No membrane bound organelles • Make up Domains Archaea and Eubacteria • Eukaryotic • Membrane-bound organelles • Make up Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Protista, and Fungi

  4. A prokaryotic cell

  5. Overview of an animal cell Cytoplasm: everything inside the cell but the nucleus

  6. Overview of a plant cell

  7. Cell size The human body has over 5 billion cells. The largest animal is the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus. It is known to reach lengths over 100 feet (30+ meters) and weigh 120 tons.

  8. Cell size So, why aren’t there organisms composed of one really big cell?

  9. Surface Area and Volume • Surface area of a sphere = 4r2 • Volume of a sphere = (4/3) r3 • So as a sphere gets bigger, • its volume increases faster than its surface area

  10. Figure 7.5 Geometric relationships explain why most cells are microscopic

  11. Let’s look at the interior of Eukaryotic cells… • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Endomembrane System • Nuclear envelope • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Golgi Apparatus • Vesicles • Lysosomes • Vacuoles • Other organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes • Cytoskeleton

  12. DNA RNA  protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

  13. Figure 7.9 The nucleus and its envelope 

  14. Figure 7.10 Ribosomes

  15. Figure 7.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

  16. In the rough ER, proteins are modified by the addition of a carbohydrate group H2N COOH Protein Now = GLYCOPROTEIN Carbohydrate group

  17. Figure 7.12 The Golgi apparatus

  18. THE SECRETORY PATHWAY: A MODEL RNA 1. Proteins are synthesized in the RER Rough ER 2. Protein exits RER in a vesicle. cis face of Golgi apparatus 3. Protein travels through the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. 4. Protein enters a secretory vesicle that fuses with cell membrane. trans face of Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane 5. Protein is secreted from cell.

  19. Figure 7.13 Lysosomes

  20. Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 1)

  21. Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 2)

  22. Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 3)

  23. Figure 7.15 The plant cell vacuole 

  24. Figure 7.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system 

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