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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests. Earlier Explorations. Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca A New Player Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships.
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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests
Earlier Explorations • Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca • A New Player Europe • Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. • Better seaworthy ships. • Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”
Marco Polo • (1275)– Italian trader searching for trade routes to Asia by land. • He was received by the Mongol Chinese Emperor Kublai Khan. • The stories of his travels increased interest in Asia.
Zheng He • Chinese explorer • Sent out to extend trade partnerships for the empire. • Traveled with a fleet of 300 and crew of close to 27,000 • SE Asia, eastern Africa, and India
Causes of European Exploration • Reasons for new exploration: • 1. More Wealth • 2. Better prices on goods • 1453 • Muslims/Italians dominated Asian trade • Often charged high prices • 3. Faster trade routes • Needed to bypass Italians/Muslims to get to Asia (need for a direct route) • 4. Spread Christianity (Jesuits)
Motives for European Exploration Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) (calculated latitude) Sextant Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons Technology The new Caravel was much larger and deeper which meant more cargo and it could go into deeper waters
Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. (1488) Portuguese captain who attempted to reach Asia by sailing south of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. A storm nearly destroyed his fleet and they ran out of supplies so the voyage returned to Portugal.
Vasco da Gama (1497) • Continued Dias’ work. He explored East Africa and reached India in 1498. • The goods collected in India were worth approximately 60 times the cost of the entire voyage. • By this time the Spanish were jealous of Portugal’s new wealth
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”
European Empires in the Americas Western European Empires were marked by maritime expansion Spaniards in Caribbean, then on to the Aztec and Inca empires Portuguese in Brazil British, French, and Dutch colonies in North America Europeans controlled most of the Americas by the mid-nineteenth century
European Empires in the Americas The European Advantage Geography Countries on the Atlantic rim of Europe (Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France) were simply closer to the Americas than was any possible Asian competitor. They also understood winds and currents much different from monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean.
The European Advantage Need Europeans were aware of their marginal position in Eurasian commerce and wanted to change it. Rivalry Interstate rivalry drove rulers to compete. Merchants Sought access to Asian Wealth avoid the reliance on Muslim middlemen that they found so distasteful. Wealth Colonies were an opportunity for impoverished nobles and commoners. The silver mines in Mexico and Peru needed to buy Asian goods Religion Crusade Zeal Persecuted minorities looking for more freedom. Christian saints in many places blended easily with specialized indigenous gods, while belief in magic, folk medicine, and communion with the dead remained strong. Many gravitated toward the world of their conqueror, learned Spanish, and converted to Christianity.
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortés Montezuma II
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers
The Great Dying Created an acute labor shortage and made room for immigrant newcomers—colonizers and enslaved Africans Pre-Columbian Western Hemisphere had 60-80 million No immunity to Old World Diseases Europeans brought European and African diseases. Morality rate of up to 90 percent among Native American populations Native population nearly vanished in the Caribbean Central Mexico: population drops from 10-20 million to around 1 million by 1650. Similar mortality in North America
The Columbian Exchange It was the enormous network of communication, migration, trade, the spread of disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds. This was an interacting Atlantic world connecting four continents Massive native mortality created labor shortage. Migrant Europeans and African slaves created entirely new societies. American food crops( corn, potatoes and cassava) spread widely in the Eastern Hemisphere. Potatoes especially allowed enormous population growth Corn and sweet potatoes were important in China and Africa
Comparing Colonial Societiesin the Americas Europeans did not just conquer and govern established societies They created wholly new societies. All were shaped by mercantilism- This view held that European countries’ economic interests were best served by encouraging exports and accumulating silver and gold which represented prosperity. Colonies provided their mother countries with great quantities of bullion. Colonies should provide closed markets for the mother country’s manufactured goods. But colonies differed widely, depending on native cultures and the sort of economy that was established Three types of economies settler-dominated agriculture slave-based plantations ranching or mining
Comparing Colonial Societiesin the Americas In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas Spanish conquest The most wealthy, urbanized, and populous regions of the Western Hemisphere. Within a century, the Spaniards established major cities, universities, and religious and bureaucratic infrastructure. A distinctive social order grew up, replicating the Spanish hierarchy while accommodating the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as growing numbers of racially mixed people. The society was dominated by Europeans.
The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomiendaor forced labor. • Hacienda -landed estates • Council of the Indies. • Viceroy. • New Spain and Peru. • Papal agreement. The Treaty of Tordesillas
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission
Spain vs. Portugal Death to those who talk Pope Alexander VI acted as a mediator & drew up a line of demarcation which split the Atlantic. Spain got the western part; Portugal got the east. Portugal wanted a piece of the New World, (1494) Treaty of Tordesillas granted Brazil to Portugal by moving the line of demarcation over parts of south America. The Portugal began conquering major trading cities in the Arabian Sea, India, & as far east as Indonesia & Malaysia. The Portuguese made it possible to end Muslim & Italian domination of trade and brought cheaper prices to Europe.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542
Connection: The European conquest of the Americas increased global connections in all EXCEPT which of the following ways? a. It brought new crops and technologies to the Americas. b. Although no American crops spread beyond Europe to the rest of Eurasia and Africa, the European conquest did result in the adoption of several American crops in Western Europe. c. It resulted in the extensive mixing of indigenous American, African, and European peoples. d. It reshaped the world economy by providing Europeans with access to large amounts of silver.
