CHAPTER 9

1. CHAPTER 9 THE REFORMATION

2. A. ORIGINS -AFTER STUDYING EARLIER CHRISTIAN WRITINGS, NORTHERN EUROPEAN SCHOLARS BEGAN TO QUESTION THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND CRITICIZE THEIR PRACTICES. -IN ABOUT 1500, THESE SCHOLARS BEGAN TO ARGUE THAT THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH HAD LOST SIGHT OF THEIR ORIGINAL SPIRITUAL MISSION. -THESE CLAIMS WOULD LEAD TO THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION DEFINITION: MOVEMENT OF RELIGIOUS REFORM OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH -NORTHERN SCHOLARS MAINTAINED THAT THE CHURCH WAS MORE INTERESTED IN MAKING MONEY AND GAINING POLITICAL POWER THAN SAVING PEOPLE’S SOULS.

3. B. PROBLEMS WITH THE CHURCH -DURING THE LATE MIDDLE AGES AND THE RENAISSANCE, THE CHURCH BEGAN TO ENGAGE IN NUMEROUS ACTIVITIES SUCH AS BEING INVOLVED IN POLITICS, SPENDING LAVISHLY AND BEING INVOLVED IN WARS. -LOWER LEVEL CLERGY MEMBERS WERE POORLY EDUCATED, BEGAN TO MARRY AND LIVED VERY UNBECOMING LIFESTYLES. - TWO CHURCH PRACTICES THAT BECAME VERY COMMON DURING THIS TIME WERE 1) THE SALE OF INDULGENCES -REDUCTION OF SIN AND PUNISHMENT IN EXCHANGE FOR MONEY 2) SIMONY - SELLING OF CHURCH OFFICES OR POSITIONS FOR MONEY 3) SALE OF RELICS - SELLING OF ALLEGED HOLY ITEMS - THE MONEY RECEIVED FROM THESE SALES HELPED PAY FOR THE BUILDING OF CATHEDRALS.

4. C. MARTIN LUTHER - THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS HIGHLY CRITICIZED IN THE GERMAN STATES WHERE THE SELLING OF INDULGENCES TO RAISE MONEY WAS WIDESPREAD -ONE CRITIC OF THIS BEHAVIOR WAS A MONK NAMED MARTIN LUTHER. -LUTHER WAS ANGERED AT THE CHURCH’S BEHAVIOR AND SOUGHT CHANGES WITHIN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH -IN 1517, LUTHER CHALLENGED THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH BY POSTING THE 95 THESESOR STATEMENTS CONCERNING THE ABUSES OF THE CHURCH ON A CHURCH DOOR. -NEWS RAPIDLY SPREAD ACROSS EUROPE THAT A MONK HAD PUBLICALLY CHALLENGED THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

6. D. 95 THESES -IN THE 95 THESES, LUTHER ARGUED FOR FULL REFORM OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH -MARTIN’S TEACHINGS RESTED ON FOUR MAIN IDEAS 1)PEOPLE COULD WIN SALVATION ONLY BY FAITH IN GOD’S GIFT OF FORGIVENESS 2)ALL CHURCH TEACHINGS SHOULD BE BASED ON THE WORDS OF THE BIBLE 3)BOTH THE POPE AND CHURCH TRADITIONS WERE FALSE AUTHORITIES 4) ALL PEOPLE WITH FAITH ARE EQUAL. THEREFORE, PRIESTS ARE NOT NEEDED TO INTERPRET THE BIBLE.

8. E. REACTIONS TO LUTHER -AS LUTHER’S IDEAS, BECAME MORE POPULAR, POPE LEO X REALIZED THAT LUTHER WAS A SERIOUS THREAT TO THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. -LUTHER’S 95 THESES SPREAD THROUGHOUT GERMANY AND WESTERN EUROPE DUE TO THE PRINTING PRESS. -IN 152O, POPE LEO X ISSUED A STATEMENT THREATENING LUTHER WITH EXCOMMUNICATION UNLESS HE TOOK BACK HIS STATEMENTS AGAINST THE CHURCH DEFINITION- TO EXCLUSION FROM THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH - WHEN LUTHER REFUSED TO, POPE LEO DECLARED LUTHER A HERETIC AND EXCOMMUNICATED HIM FROM THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

10. E. IMPACT OF MARTIN LUTHER’S ACTIONS - IN TIME, LUTHER ESTABLISHED A NEW CHURCH, THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. HE KEPT THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW CHURCH VERY SIMPLE. -LUTHERAN MINISTERS WERE LESS IMPORTANT THAN CATHOLIC PRIESTS. ACCORDING TO LUTHER, CHRISTIANS WERE FULLY CAPABLE OF INTERPRETING AND UNDERSTANDING SCRIPTURE FOR THEMSELVES. -BECAUSE OF THE PROTEST, LUTHER’S FOLLOWERS AND LATER REFORMERS CAME TO BE KNOWN AS PROTESTANTS. -DURING THE 1520 AND 1530S, HUNDREDS OF NEW RELIGIOUS GROUPS APPEARED THROUGH GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND. THESE GROUPS DID NOT FORM ORGANIZED CHURCHES AND USUALLY WERE SOCIETIES OF A FEW PEOPLE WITH A PREACHER AS THEIR LEADER. - LUTHER’S ACTIONS ENDED RELIGIOUS UNITY IN WESTERN EUROPE UNDER THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

11. F. HENRY VIII -IN ENGLAND, THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION CAME ABOUT IN A DIFFERENT WAY. -THE KING, HENRY VIII, CAUSED THE BREAK OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND ENGLAND. -HENRY VIII WANTED THE POPE TO ANNUL, OR SET ASIDE HIS MARRIAGE FROM HIS WIFE, CATHARINE AND WANTED TO MARRY ANNE BOLEYN -HENRY WAS UNHAPPY BECAUSE CATHERINE DID NOT GIVE BIRTH TO A SON WHO COULD SUCCEED HIM. -THE POPE TURNED KING HENRY DOWN, PARTLY BECAUSE HE DID NOT WANT TO OFFEND, THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR CHARLES V, WHO WAS CATHERINE’S NEPHEW. -KING HENRY CALLED PARLIAMENT, ENGLAND’S LEGISLATURE, INTO SESSION AND PASSED A SET OF LAWS ENDING THE POPE’S POWER IN ENGLAND. (ACTS OF SUPREMACY) - KING HENRY, NOT THE POPE, BECAME THE OFFICIAL HEAD OF ENGLAND’S CHURCH

13. G. THE ANGLICAN CHURCH -EVENTUALLY, PARLIAMENT SET UP THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, OR ANGLICAN CHURCH. -THE ANGLICAN CHURCH BECAME A COMBINATION OF ROMAN CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT DOCTRINE IN ORDER TO KEEP MEMBERS OF BOTH RELIGIONS HAPPY. -PRIESTS IN THE ANGLICAN CHURCH COULD MARRY -SERMONS IN THE ANGLICAN CHURCH COULD BE DELIVERED IN ENGLISH NOT LATIN. -ALSO, CHURCH SERVICES REPRESENTED ROMAN CATHOLIC TRADITIONS TO BE MORE ACCEPTED BY CATHOLICS

14. H. CALVINISM -IN SWITZERLAND, JOHN CALVIN, A LAW STUDENT INTERESTED IN CHURCH DOCTRINE, PUBLISHED HIS SUMMARY OF PROTESTANT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. -HE WANTED TO CLARIFY THE EARLY RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF THE EARLY PROTESTANT CHURCHES. -HE AGREED WITH THE TEACHINGS OF MARTIN LUTHER. -IN ADDITION, HE EXPANDED THE PROTESTANT BELIEF WITH THE CONCEPT OF PREDESTINATION DEFINITION- GOD CHOOSES A VERY FEW PEOPLE THAT ARE WORTHY OF BEING SAVED, AND GOD CHOOSES THESE PEOPLE AT THE BEGINNING OF TIME -THEREFORE, PEOPLE CANNOT EARN SALVATION - CALVIN’S TEACHINGS FOUNDED THE PROTESTANT RELIGION OF CALVINISM -THE CALVINIST RELIGION LATER SPREAD TO THROUGHOUT EUROPE INCLUDING FRANCE (NOBLES CALLED THEMSELVES HUGUENOTS). -ENGLISH CALVINIST LATER KNOWN AS PURITANS LEFT ENGLAND FOR THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN SEARCH OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM LIKE MARTIN LUTHER, CALVIN RELIED ON THE CONCEPT OF FAITH AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BIBLE.

16. I. OTHER REFORM MOVEMENTS -AS CHRISTIANS INTERPRETED THE BIBLE FOR THEMSELVES, NEW PROTESTANT GROUPS FORMED OVER DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS. (1) ANABAPTISTS - ONLY BAPTIZED THOSE WHO WERE OLD ENOUGH TO DECIDE FOR THEMSELVES IF THEY WANTED TO BE CHRISTIANS. -THEY SAID THAT PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN BAPTIZED AS CHILDREN SHOULD BE RE-BAPTIZED AS ADULTS. -SHARED THEIR POSSESSIONS, REFUSED TO FIGHT IN WARS, AND TAUGHT THAT CHURCH AND STATE SHOULD BE SEPARATE. -VIEWED AS RADICALS, BOTH CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS PERSECUTED THEM. -MOVEMENT SURVIVED AND BECAME THE FORERUNNERS OF THE MENNONITES AND THE AMISH.

17. J. THE COUNTER REFORMATION -THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH BEGAN TO RECOGNIZE THAT PROTESTANTISM POSED A SERIOUS THREAT TO THEIR FUTURE. -IN THE 1530S, THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH STARTED A MAJOR REFORM EFFORT KNOWN AS THE COUNTER REFORMATION OR THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION -THE COUNTER REFORMATIONWAS AN ATTEMPT TO STRENGTHEN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH BY SOLVING THEIR PROBLEMS FROM WITHIN. - BY DOING THIS, CHURCH OFFICIALS WANTED TO KEEP CATHOLICS FROM CONVERTING TO PROTESTANTISM -THE POPE APPOINTED CHURCH SCHOLARS AND REFORMERS TO HIGH CHURCH OFFICES IN ORDER TO REFORM THE CHURCH

18. K. COUNCIL OF TRENT -THE POPE SUMMONED CHURCH OFFICIALS TO A CHURCH COUNCIL TO DISCUSS AND ENACT CHURCH REFORM -THE COUNCIL OF TRENT MET DURING THREE DIFFERENT PERIODS BETWEEN 1545 AND 1563. THE COUNCIL REAFFIRMED TRADITIONAL CATHOLIC DOCTRINE AND CALLED FOR BETTER TRAINING OF PRIESTS. -THE DECISIONS MADE AT THE COUNCIL OF TRENT WERE EFFECTIVE IN BRINGING BACK PEOPLE TO THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND SOLVING CHURCH ABUSES. -

20. L. IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA -TO FURTHER STRENGTHEN SUPPORT FOR THE CHURCH, NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS WERE FORMED TO ENSURE THAT THESE NEW REGULATIONS WERE FOLLOWED. -IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA FOUNDED THE JESUITS, OR SOCIETY OF JESUS, IN 1534. -THE JESUITS BELIEVED THAT SALVATION COULD BE ACHIEVED BY DOING GOOD DEEDS AND OBEDIENCE TO THE POPE. - THE JESUITS MAIN GOALS WERE TO TEACH AND ENFORCE THE CHURCH DOCTRINE, CONVERSION ON NON-CHRISTIANS TO CATHOLICISM AND STOP THE SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM

22. M. LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION -THE REFORMATION/COUNTER REFORMATION HAD AN ENDURING IMPACT ON THE HISTORY OF WESTERN EUROPE (1)ENDED RELIGIOUS UNITY IN WESTERN EUROPE (2) LEFT WESTERN EUROPE CULTURALLY DIVIDED (3)ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH MORAL AND POLITICALLY AUTHORITY DECLINED (4) INDIVIDUAL MONARCHS GAINED MORE POWER WHICH LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN NATIONS OF WESTERN EUROPE