Are You Ready For An Adventure?

1. Are You Ready For An Adventure? Dr. T’s Magical Mystery Tour

2. The Beginning of Our Story: Chapter One – The Peopling of the World Day 1: Broken Pots

3. How Long Ago? • Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age): 2.5 million years to 8000 B.C. • Neolithic Age (New Stone Age): 8000 B.C. to early 3000 B.C.

4. PREHISTORIC WORLD MIGRATION

5. Our Dig SitesSumer (Iraq) – Egypt – Indus River Valley (India) - China

6. The Beginning of Our Story: Chapter One – The Peopling of the World Day 3: Paleolithic-Neolithic Periods Revisited & The Five Characteristics of a Civilization

7. Key Terms and Roles • Paleolithic • Neolithic • Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution) • Archaeologist • Artifacts • Anthropologists • Culture • Paleontologists • Fossils • Civilization Neolithic Revolution • Early Farming Methods: • Domestication of Animals: • Development of Settlements into Villages: • Development of Villages into Cities

8. Comparing and Contrasting Paleolithic and Neolithic Periods

9. The Five Characteristics of a Civilization Are…

10. A Summary of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Periods

11. Early River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia/Sumer (Rivers: Tigris/Euphrates) – See pp. 27-32 • Egypt (River: Nile) – See pp. 33-41 • Indus River Valley (River: Indus) – See pp. 42-45 • China (Rivers: Huang He/Yangtze) – See pp. 46-51

12. The Rise of Complex Civilizations Chapter Two – Early River Valley Civilizations (continue into week three – see Chapter Two Folder) Days 4-5-6: Paleolithic-Neolithic Periods Revisited & The Five Characteristics of a Civilization

13. Early River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia/Sumer (Rivers: Tigris/Euphrates) – See pp. 27-32 • Egypt (River: Nile) – See pp. 33-41 • Indus River Valley (River: Indus) – See pp. 42-45 • China (Rivers: Huang He/Yangtze) – See pp. 46-51

14. Discovery Box • You will need your Artifact Information Organizer. • Unpack the Discovery Box. BE GENTLE • Examine the photographic artifacts and the physical artifacts. • Write information on your Artifact Information Organizer. Be very specific and use the sample questions as examples. • Begin to categorize your artifacts into the P.E.R.S.I.A. categories. For example, after you describe what the artifact tells us about a civilization place the symbol of the corresponding P.E.R.S.I.A. category next to what you wrote. • You will need to be VERY SPECIFIC so that you can use this information to work independently on Monday.

15. Early River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia/Sumer (Rivers: Tigris/Euphrates) – See pp. 27-32 • Egypt (River: Nile) – See pp. 33-41 • Indus River Valley (River: Indus) – See pp. 42-45 • China (Rivers: Huang He/Yangtze) – See pp. 46-51

16. Four River Valley CivilizationsVisual Timeline

17. The Five Characteristics of a Civilization Are…

18. Mesopotamian/Sumerian Geography • Fertile Crescent: Between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea • Mesopotamia: Meaning the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

19. Mesopotamian/Sumerian Geography Environmental Challenges: • Flooding and drought. Solving Problems Through Organization: • Irrigation to ease flooding and water crops.

20. Mesopotamian/SumerianCity-States (Politics) Priests and Rulers Share Control • City-state: A political unit much like an independent country. • Dynasty: A series of rulers from a single family. Priests and rulers shared control. The Spread of Cities • Cultural Diffusion: The spread of people and ideas

21. Mesopotamian/SumerianCulture A Religion of Many Gods • Polytheism: Belief in more than one god. • Ziggurats: Mountain of God – Built to keep gods happy Life in Sumerian Society • Social Class: Kings – Priests – Merchants – Farmers – Slaves • Developed the wheel, the sail, and the plow, First to use bronze

22. Mesopotamia/SumerSumerian Science and Technology Arithematic and Geometry • Developed a number system in base 60, from which stem the modern units for measuring time (60 seconds = 1 minute) Architectural Innovations • Arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramid-shaped design of the ziggurat Cuneiform • Developed the first system of writing

23. Mesopotamia/SumerThe First Empire Builders Babylonian Empire • Empire means people, nations, or independent states under control of one ruler. Hammurabi’s Code • A single code of laws invented by Hammurabi to provide one set of rules for all people in the empire.

24. Egyptian Geography The Gift of the Nile • Egyptians worshipped it as a god. Environmental Challenges • Drought and flooding. • Annual flooding of the Nile brought much needed water for the crops of wheat and barley.

25. Egyptian Geography Upper and Lower Egypt • Upper Egypt: Cataracts with a system of rapids that made it difficult for boat travel. • Lower Egypt: Delta with marshy area at the mouth of the Nile river. Most farming took place here. Interesting Fact: The Nile River flows north.

26. Egyptian Politics Egypt Unites into a Kingdom • The king of Lower Egypt wore a red crown, and the king of Upper Egypt wore a tall white crown. • King Menes united the two kingdoms and wore a red and white crown. Pharaohs Rule As Gods • To the Egyptians, kings were gods. • Pharaoh: The name of the Egyptian god-kings • Theocracy: The type of government in which the ruler is a divine figure.

27. Egyptian Politics Builders of the Pyramids • Burial place for their Pharaohs. • Symbol of strength for the Egyptian civilization

28. EgyptianCulture Religion and Life • Polytheistic – Worship of many gods. • Positive view of afterlife. • Mummification: Embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying.

29. EgyptianSociety Life in Egyptian Society • Social Class: • Pharaoh • Upper Class (Government Officials -Wealthy landowners – Priests – Army Commanders) • Middle Class (Merchants and artisans) • Lower Class (Peasant farmers and unskilled laborers.) • Slaves

30. Egyptian Society Egyptian Writing • Hieroglyphics(HY•ur•uh•GLIHF•ihks): This term comes from the Greek words hierosand gluphe, meaning “sacred carving. • Papyrus(puh•PY•ruhs): Egyptians created paper from the reeds that grew in the marshy delta (Lower Egypt)

31. Egyptian Society Egyptian Science and Technology • Geometry • Calendars • Stone Columns • Medicine – Surgery Invaders Control Egypt • The Hyksos invaded Egypt using bronze weapons and horse drawn chariots

32. Early River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia/Sumer (Rivers: Tigris/Euphrates) – See pp. 27-32 • Egypt (River: Nile) – See pp. 33-41 • Indus River Valley (River: Indus) – See pp. 42-45 • China (Rivers: Huang He/Yangtze) – See pp. 46-51

33. Indus River Valley Geography The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent • Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh Rivers, Mountains, and Plains • Indus and the Ganges (GAN•jeez). Monsoons • Seasonal winds and rain dominate the climate of India Environmental Challenges • Flooding and monsoons • Earth’s tallest mountains (Himalaya – Mt. Everest)

34. Indus River ValleyCivilization Emerges (Society) Earliest Arrivals • Migrating farmers and herders settled. Planned Cities • People of the Indus laid out their cities on a precise grid system. • Toilets, plumbing and sewage systems. Harappan Planning • Most famous for an areacalled a citadel that was easy to defend and all the important buildings were here.

35. Indus River ValleyCulture HarappanCulture and Language • Prosperous with few social divisions or warfare. • System of writing for religion and trade Role of Religion • Polytheistic – Worship of many gods Trade • Indus peoples conducted long-distance trade. • Marked their products with seals

36. Indus River Valley Culture Ends Around 1750 B.C., the cities began to show signs of decline. The Indus Valley civilization collapsed around 1500 B.C. Satellite images suggest a shift in the earth’s crust that caused earthquakes. Because of the quakes the Indus River may have changed its course. This would stop the good effects of the yearly floods. The people may have overworked the land. This would have left the soil too poor to produce crops.

37. China’s Geography The Geography of China • Distance from other regions and natural barriers caused China to develop apart from other cultures. River Systems • Huang He (hwahng•HUH) and the Yangtze (yang•SEE) Environmental Challenges China’s Heartland

38. China’s Geography Environmental Challenges • Flooding brought life and death • Loessis the name of the rich soil (silt) that allowed for good farming in China. China’s Heartland • All of the good farmland lies between the two rivers. • People believed China was the center of civilization. • Belief that anyone who lived outside of Chinese civilization was abarbarians.

39. China’s Society and Politics Civilization Emerges in Shang Times • Dynasty: A series of rulers from a single family. Priests and rulers shared control The First Dynasties • Xia (shyah) Dynasty ruled in 2000 B.C. Helped develop better farming. • Shang Dynasty began to rule in 1500 BC. This dynasty left the first written records, built palaces and tombs for the royal family.

40. China’s Society and Politics Early Cities • Anyang (ahn•YAHNG) one of the capitals of the Shang Dynasty. • Unlike other cities built of earthen brick this city was built mainly of wood. • The Shang surrounded their cities with massive earthen walls for protection.

41. Chinese Society and Politics The Development of Chinese Culture • The group seems to have been more important than the individual. • Aboveall, people’s lives were governed by their duties to two important authorities—their family and their king or emperor. Family • The family was central to Chinese society. • The most important virtue was respect for one’s parents. Social Classes • Shang society was sharply divided between nobles and peasants. • The Shang were governed by a ruling class of warrior noblesheaded by a king. The nobles ruled the peasants who farmed the land.

42. Chinese Society and Politics Religious Beliefs • Family was closely linked to religion. The Chinese believed that the spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family. • Shang kings consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests had scratched questions for the gods to answer Development of Writing • The Chinese system of writing differed from those of other groups. Symbols stood for ideas, not sounds. This allowed for people across China to learn one system.

43. Chinese Society and Politics Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle • Dynastic Cycle is the pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties(ruling families). Mandate of Heaven • The Zhou Dynasty took control of China from the Shang Dynasty. Theyjustified their control by telling the people that good rulers, got authority to rule from heaven. This was known as the Mandate of Heaven. Control through Feudalism • The Zhou started a system of feudalism. • Feudalism is a political system in which the nobles owe loyalty to the king. The nobles promise to fight for the rulers and to protect the peasants who live on the land.

44. Chinese Society and Politics Improvements in Technology and Trade • Coined money • Iron for weapons A Period of Warring States • Due to warfare Chinese society was beginning to suffer. • At this time of bloodshed, traditional values collapsed. At the very heart of Chinese civilization was a love of order, harmony, and respect for authority. • Now there was chaos, arrogance, and defiance. • How could China be saved?

45. Early River Valley CivilizationsSummary