Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

1. Crisis and Absolutism in Europe Modern World History, chapter 14

2. Definitions 1. Divine Right: Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. 2. Absolute Monarch: Ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.

3. Absolute Monarchies in Europe1550-1800 • Spain • France • England • Austria • Prussia • Russia

5. French War of Religion • By 1560, Calvinism and Catholicism had become highly militant (combative) religions. • Religion was the chief cause of wars in Europe in the 16th century.

6. The French Wars of Religion • 1562-1598 • Religion main cause of wars • Catholicism vs. Calvinism • Each side tried to win converts and eliminate the other • Economic, social and political forces also played a role

7. Huguenots • HYOO-guh-NAWTS • French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. • 7% of total French population • 40 – 50% of French nobility became Huguenots

8. Henry of Navarre • Political leader of the Huguenots • 1589 – became King Henry IV • Converted to Catholicism so he would be accepted by the Catholic majority in France • When he was crowned King in 1594, the fighting stopped • Edict of Nantes (1598) – Recognized Catholicism as the official religion but allowed for the Huguenots to worship and to hold political privileges

9. Spain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598 • Philip II - Sought to expand Spanish influence – ruled Spain when the empire was at its height. Included the Spanish New World • Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic church “The Most Catholic King” • Centralized royal power • Married Mary I of England – returned England to Catholicism • Invaded England with Spanish Armada against Elizabeth I – He lost most of the Armada.

10. Spain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598

12. Defeat of the Spanish Armada1588 • King Philip II of Spain ordered an armada (fleet of warships) to invade England. • The fleet was not strong enough to take on this endeavor • Spain was not strong enough to overthrow England and sailed back to Spain • Pounded by storms • Many of the Spanish ships sank

14. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 130 about 1900 England; the English ships had more cannons per ship than did the Spanish Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

15. England - Pathway to Revolution1603-1689 • Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – Absolute ruler of England. • Kept Parliament on her side. • Stabilized the nation and expanded British territory. • Died without an heir. • Country had to decide who would replace her.

16. Go to page 433Read Queen Elizabeth’s Golden Speech

17. Chapter 14. 2

18. Thirty Years’ War1618-1648 • ~War began in 1618 in the lands of the Holy Roman Empire • ~Religion played big role in the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War and then became political as other countries got involved • ~Calvinism was not recognized by the peace settlement. • ~Religious disputes continued in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. • ~By 1660s, Calvinism had spread to many parts of Europe.

19. Thirty Years’ War1618-1648 • Most destructive conflict yet • All major European powers except England became involved in it • Most battles took place in Germany • The Peace of Westphalia ended the war (1648) • Some gained new territories • France emerged as the dominant nation in Europe • All German States could determine religion • End to the Political power of Holy Roman Empire

20. From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003

21. England - Pathway to Revolution1603-1689

22. England – James I (1603 – 1625) • James VI of Scotland • Became James I of England when Elizabeth I died. • Believed in Divine Right of Kings. “Kings are called gods because they sit upon God’s throne on earth.” • Ran up a huge debt in England. • Had Bible translated from Latin into English

23. England – Charles I1625 - 1649 • Charles I of England • Absolute monarch - had no problem with putting his enemies in prison without trial • Ran up a huge debt • Dissolved Parliament in 1629 • Touched off a massive English Civil War between supporters of Charles (Cavaliers) and supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell (Roundheads). • Charles I beheaded in 1649.

24. England – Oliver Cromwell1649 - 1658 • Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector – England • Ruled through the army • Exiled Catholics to Ireland • Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gambling • Religious freedom for everyone else • When Cromwell died, Restoration began.

25. England – Charles IIThe Restoration1660 - 1685 • Charles II - Popular ruler • Monarchy restored – Hence: Restoration • Bowed to the wishes of Parliament • Restored the Church of England • Stabilized government

26. England – James II1685 - 1688 • James II - Absolute Ruler • Antagonized Parliament • Ran up a huge debt • Openly Catholic • Forced from throne in what came to be called the Glorious Revolution. • Glorious Revolution

27. England – William and MaryEnglish Bill of Rights1689 • William and Mary were given the throne after the English Bill of Rights was passed. • Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy. • Parliament had to meet on a regular basis • Monarchy could neither make nor suspend laws • Trial by jury reinstated. • Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment. • Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws. • Laid groundwork for American system of laws.

29. Toleration Act of 1689 Act granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship. Few English citizens, however, would ever again be persecuted for their religion. DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS – By deposing one king and establishing another, Parliament had destroyed the divine-right theory of kingship. “William was, after all, king by the grace of Parliament, not the grace of God.”

30. Chapter 14 section 3

31. France – Louis XIVRuled 1643 - 1715 • Called himself the Sun King • Believed in divine right. “L’etat, c’estmoi.” I am the state. • Made French army the strongest in Europe • France was the wealthiest country in Europe under Louis XIV • Louis XIV spent huge amounts of money • Built Versailles • War of Spanish Succession

32. France – Louis XIVVersailles • Expanded from a hunting lodge in 1669. • Became the symbol to European monarchs of the wealth and power of the king of France. • Seat of French government for nearly over 100 years. • Its upkeep consumed as much as 25% of the income of France.

33. France – Louis XIVVersailles Hall of Mirrors

34. Russia – Peter the GreatRuled 1682-1725 • Peter the Great of Russia • Goal was to westernize Russia. Forced powerful boyars (member of the old nobility of Russia) to bow to his will. • Built modern Western city for Russian capital – St. Petersburg. • Spread serfdom. • Studied Western technology. Worked in a shipyard • Extended Russian territory – to Pacific Ocean. • 1700: Fought Sweden for control of Baltic. Gained several Baltic ports

35. Russia – Peter the Great From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003

36. Austria – Maria Theresaruled 1740 - 1780 • Absolute monarch of Austria • Fought Frederick II of Prussia for control of Hungary and Silesia • Reorganized the government • Enlightened Despot (monarch who was influenced by the enlightenment age • Eased tax burden on her people • Gave more rights to her subjects • Gave birth to 16 children while in power

38. Prussia – Frederick IIRuled 1740-1786 • Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany) • Attacked Austria, sparking the War of Austrian Succession • Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, into one nation

40. Chapter 14 section 4 • The Baroque Period – • Baroque artists tried to bring together the classical ideals of the Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of the sixteenth century religious revival. • Baroque churches were magnificent and richly detailed. • Literature flourished • Elizabethan era – expansion of literature during Queen Elizabeth’s reign. • William Shakespeare

42. The Philosophy Advances • John Locke • 1690 • Argued against absolute rule of one person. • People gave up only SOME of their individual rights. • Kept the right to: (NATURAL RIGHTS) - Life - Enjoy Liberty - Own Property • Contract between people and government involved mutual obligations.

43. The Philosopher Behind the Age • Thomas Hobbes • 1660 – Wrote the Leviathan (work on political thought) • Discussed the perfect government • People first lived in anarchy – “ruthless struggle for self preservation” • Needed a “social contract” • Required an absolute monarch to maintain order • People retained the right only to maintain their lives.