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INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY Group of Personality and Developmental Psychology

INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY Group of Personality and Developmental Psychology. DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. Effects of Parenting and Parent-Adolescent Relationship Quality on Deviance and Their Mediation by Depression and Social Skills J. Gowert Masche.

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INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY Group of Personality and Developmental Psychology

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  1. INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY Group of Personality and Developmental Psychology DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Effects of Parenting and Parent-Adolescent Relationship Quality on Deviance and Their Mediation by Depression and Social Skills J. Gowert Masche Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  2. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Question Question • Authoritative parenting  low depression and deviance • (Steinberg, 2001). • Authoritative parenting  low depression and deviance • (Steinberg, 2001). • Effects on deviance attributed to behavioral control • (e.g., Barber, 1996; Steinberg, 2001). • Authoritative parenting  low depression and deviance • (Steinberg, 2001). • Effects on deviance attributed to behavioral control • (e.g., Barber, 1996; Steinberg, 2001). • But: Behavior control is not what it seemed to! • “Monitoring” actually is an aspect of open communication. • Behavior control much less important (Stattin & Kerr, 2000). • Authoritative parenting  low depression and deviance • (Steinberg, 2001). • Effects on deviance attributed to behavioral control • (e.g., Barber, 1996; Steinberg, 2001). • But: Behavior control is not what it seemed to! • “Monitoring” actually is an aspect of open communication. • Behavior control much less important (Stattin & Kerr, 2000). •  How does authoritative parenting work? • Authoritative parenting  low depression and deviance • (Steinberg, 2001). • Effects on deviance attributed to behavioral control • (e.g., Barber, 1996; Steinberg, 2001). • But: Behavior control is not what it seemed to! • “Monitoring” actually is an aspect of open communication. • Behavior control much less important (Stattin & Kerr, 2000). •  How does authoritative parenting work? • Test of mediation model. • Authoritative parenting  low depression and deviance • (Steinberg, 2001). • Effects on deviance attributed to behavioral control • (e.g., Barber, 1996; Steinberg, 2001). • But: Behavior control is not what it seemed to! • “Monitoring” actually is an aspect of open communication. • Behavior control much less important (Stattin & Kerr, 2000). •  How does authoritative parenting work? • Test of mediation model. • Not just authoritative parenting, but integrated factors of • parenting/relationship quality (Masche, 2004). Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  3. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Gender SES Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Theoretical Model Theoretical Model Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  4. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Methods > Sample Sample Darmstadt Student Survey 2000, part of C-NAP (Barber) N = 968 students at West-German city (135,000 citizen) Age 13 (grade 7) + age 16 (grade 10) Different school tracks 76 % German, others ethnically diverse 50.3 % girls, 49.7 % boys Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  5. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Out of N = 968 lived with... Age 13: 484 Age 16: 394 Age 13: 366 Age 16: 329 Mother 878 Father 695 673 Methods > Sample Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  6. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance .00 .00 gender Gender SES 1.00 SES • Index of • Ethnicity • School Track • Residential Area • Neighborhood Disorganization • ( = .74, 6 items,  Sampson & • Raudenbush, 1999) 1.00 Methods > Measurement Measurement Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  7. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Methods > Measurement > Parenting/Relationship Development of Parenting/Relationship Measures (Masche, 2004): 1. PCA of parenting (C-NAP) and relationship items (Masche), separately for mother/father and grades 7/10. 2. Construction of scales within each subsample. 3. Comparison, construction of scales for all subsamples. 4. PCAs separately for each subsample. 5. For the present study, highest loading scales selected. Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  8. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance 1.00 warmth ( = .92-.93, 15 parenting items) Positive Climate closeness ( = .92-.94, 15 relationship items) 1.00 emotional disengagement ( = .53-.63, 3 relationship items) Negative Climate .00 Low Control .00 1.00 ( = .66-.82, 5 parenting, 1 relationship items) no curfew rules Methods > Measurement > Parenting/Relationship Factor 1: Positive vs. Negative Climate Factor 2: Low Control Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  9. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Children’s Depression Inventory ( = .78, 10 items, Kovacs, 1992) 1.00 Child Behavior Check-List ( = .77, 5 items, Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1987) Depression Social Skills ( = .65, 7 items, Davis, 1980) 1.00 empathy social initiative ( = .77, 12 items, C-NAP) Methods > Measurement > Depression/Social Skills Depression Social Skills Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  10. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance aggression ( = .70, 5 items) 1.00 Both scales from the CBCL, Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1987 Deviance delinquency ( = .73, 8 items) Methods > Measurement > Deviance Deviance Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  11. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Age 13 Age 16 Positive Climate Positive Climate .81 .89 warmth warmth closeness closeness .94 .94 Results > Measurement Model Measurement Model Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  12. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance .68 CDI .76 CDI CBCL .54 CBCL .85 Depression Depression Empathy Social Initiative Social Skills 1.00 .52 empathy empathy social initiative social initiative .53 1.00 Results > Measurement Model Age 13 Age 16 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  13. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance .76 .86 aggression aggression delinquency delinquency .96 .76 Deviance Deviance Results > Measurement Model Age 13 Age 16 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  14. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Gender SES Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model Structural Model Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  15. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Mothers Age 13, Mothers -.37** .14* male male ses -.63** -.31** .14* .56** .43** -.62** -.50** -.10† .63** .35** .17* -.24** -.28** -.43** .18† ses ses -.30** male male .10† .32** AGFI: AIC: .96 96.00 RMSEA: 2(n=253, df=30): .00 108.08 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  16. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Mothers Age 13, Mothers -.37** .14* male male ses -.63** -.31** .14* .56** .43** -.62** -.50** -.10† .63** .35** .17* -.24** -.28** -.43** .18† ses ses -.30** male male .10† .32** AGFI: AIC: .96 96.00 RMSEA: 2(n=253, df=30): .00 108.08 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  17. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Mothers Age 13, Mothers .06 .14* male male ses -.63* -.25* .14* .67 -.62** -.10† .63** .17* -.22* ses -.38** male male .32** AGFI: AIC: .96 96.00 RMSEA: 2(n=253, df=30): .00 108.08 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  18. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Mothers Age 13, Mothers .14* male male ses -.57** -.29** .14* .90† -.62** -.10† .67** .17* -.22† ses -.39** male male .32** AGFI: AIC: .97 90.00 RMSEA: 2(n=253, df=33): .00 111.22 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  19. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Fathers Age 13, Fathers -.43** .24** male male ses -.51** -.36** .18* .56** .51** -.62** -.42** .60** .27** -.27** -.41* .24* ses ses -.31** male male .37** AGFI: AIC: .96 96.00 RMSEA: 2(n=172, df=30): .00 64.94 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  20. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Fathers Age 13, Fathers -.43** .24** male male ses -.51** -.36** .18* .56** .51** -.62** -.42** .60** .27** -.27** -.41* .24* ses ses -.31** male male .37** AGFI: AIC: .96 96.00 RMSEA: 2(n=172, df=30): .00 64.94 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  21. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Fathers Age 13, Fathers -.60 .24** male male ses -.35 -.30* .18* .72 -.62** .64† -.50** male male .37** AGFI: AIC: .96 96.00 RMSEA: 2(n=172, df=30): .00 64.94 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  22. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Skills Results > Structural Model > Age 13, Fathers Age 13, Fathers .23** male male ses -.53* -.27* .19* .80* -.62** .53† -.22† ses -.43** male male .36** AGFI: AIC: .96 90.00 RMSEA: 2(n=172, df=33): .00 68.51 Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  23. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Mothers Age 16, Mothers -.21** male .26** ses ses -.35** -.33** -.17** .31* .24** -.59** ses .19* -.23** .14† male -.18* -.42** -.37** .13* ses -.12* male .29** AGFI: AIC: .95 108.00 RMSEA: 2(n=292, df=24): .00 122.56  male/ses: -.16** Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  24. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Mothers Age 16, Mothers -.21** male .26** ses ses -.35** -.33** -.17** .31* .24** -.59** ses .19* -.23** .14† male -.18* -.42** -.37** .13* ses -.12* male .29** AGFI: AIC: .95 108.00 RMSEA: 2(n=292, df=24): .00 122.56  male/ses: -.16** Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  25. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Mothers Age 16, Mothers -.11 male .26** ses -.35* -.31** .40** -.59** ses .21** -.23** male -.16** -.40** -.29** .21* .12† ses -.14* male .29** AGFI: AIC: .95 108.00 RMSEA: 2(n=292, df=24): .00 122.56  male/ses: -.16** Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  26. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Mothers Age 16, Mothers male .27** ses -.39** -.33** .49** -.59** ses .23** -.23** -.21† male .21* -.16** -.40** -.30** .22** .13† ses male -.14* male .29** AGFI: AIC: .96 102.00 RMSEA: 2(n=292, df=27): .00 120.31  male/ses: -.16** Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  27. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Fathers Age 16, Fathers -.29** .14** male male .19** ses ses -.32** -.41** -.14† .30** .23* -.54** .21* .12* male -.12† -.44** -.46** .19* .15* ses ses -.13† .13† male .41** AGFI: AIC: .98 108.00 RMSEA: 2(n=236, df=24): .00 88.31  male/ses: -.17* Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  28. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Fathers Age 16, Fathers -.29** .14** male male .19** ses ses -.32** -.41** -.14† .30** .23* -.54** .21* .12* male -.12† -.44** -.46** .19* .15* ses ses -.13† .13† male .41** AGFI: AIC: .98 108.00 RMSEA: 2(n=236, df=24): .00 88.31  male/ses: -.17* Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  29. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Fathers Age 16, Fathers -.27† .14** male male .19** ses -.30* -.31** .31* -.54** .21* male -.44** -.36** .25* .15* ses ses .13† male .41** AGFI: AIC: .98 108.00 RMSEA: 2(n=236, df=24): .00 88.31  male/ses: -.17* Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  30. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Positive Climate Depression Empathy Negative Climate Deviance Low Control Social Initiative Results > Structural Model > Age 16, Fathers Age 16, Fathers .13** male male .22** ses -.40** -.33** .60** -.54** .24** male .29† -.13† -.44** -.42** .32** .16* ses male ses -.16† .15† male .40** AGFI: AIC: .97 102.00 RMSEA: 2(n=236, df=27): .00 104.39  male/ses: -.17* Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  31. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Summary & Discussion Summary and Discussion • Integration of parenting/relationship and depression. • Differentiation of social skills measures. • Deviance somewhat more closely related to delinquency • at age 13, to aggression at age 16. Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  32. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Summary & Discussion Summary and Discussion • Integration of parenting/relationship and depression. • Differentiation of social skills measures. • Deviance somewhat more closely related to delinquency • at age 13, to aggression at age 16. • Virtually no effect of parental control on deviance. Specific control measure Replication of Stattin & Kerr (2000) Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  33. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Summary & Discussion Summary and Discussion • Integration of parenting/relationship and depression. • Differentiation of social skills measures. • Deviance somewhat more closely related to delinquency • at age 13, to aggression at age 16. • Virtually no effect of parental control on deviance. • No effect of empathy on deviance. Perhaps, empathic within own group only Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  34. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Summary & Discussion Summary and Discussion • Integration of parenting/relationship and depression. • Differentiation of social skills measures. • Deviance somewhat more closely related to delinquency • at age 13, to aggression at age 16. • Virtually no effect of parental control on deviance. • No effect of empathy on deviance. • At age 16, weak path: control  social initiative  deviance, • but no direct effect of control. Different aspects: Control  teacher & school affiliation peer affiliation  deviance Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  35. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Summary & Discussion Summary and Discussion • Integration of parenting/relationship and depression. • Differentiation of social skills measures. • Deviance somewhat more closely related to delinquency • at age 13, to aggression at age 16. • Virtually no effect of parental control on deviance. • No effect of empathy on deviance. • At age 16, weak path control  social initiative  deviance, • but no direct effect of control. • Positive Climate with parents  low level of deviance. • For mothers, effect of climate mediated by depression. • Sobel test mother/father: z = 2.85/3.19, p = .004/.001. Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  36. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Summary & Discussion Summary and Discussion • Positive Climate with parents  low level of deviance. • For mothers, effect of climate mediated by depression. 1 mechanism of authoritative parenting found: Warmth/closeness needed for healthy self-esteem; If lacking, either compensation by deviance or less resistant against peer-pressure. Limitation: Cross-sectional data allow for alternative causal paths. Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  37. Masche: Parenting/Relationship  Depression  Deviance Thank you! Paper: http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

  38. http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/ fb/fb3/psy/diffpsy/04issbd.ppt

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