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Early India. Chapter 6 Sections 1-3. India is a subcontinent. Even though it is part of Asia, the Himalayan Mountains, the largest mountains in the world, create a barrier between India and the Asia.
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Early India Chapter 6 Sections 1-3
India is a subcontinent. Even though it is part of Asia, the Himalayan Mountains, the largest mountains in the world, create a barrier between India and the Asia India has 2 fertile river valleys, both fed by the mountains in the north. When the snow melts in the Himalayas, the water flows into the Ganges and Indus Rivers. India’s First Civilizations
When the water flow is controlled it can be used for farming. What term is used that refers to that method of water control? irrigation The Indus River empties into the Arabian Sea. The Ganges River empties into the Indian Ocean.
Winter monsoon winds bring cold, dry air from the mountains. • Summer monsoon winds bring warm, wet air from the Arabian Sea which bring heavy rains. If the summer monsoon is delayed, drought occurs, and people starve to death.
India’s 1st civilization began the fertile Indus River Valley. What other civilization do we know began around a fertile river valley? • Because they had a good food supply what do you think occurred?
Harappa- well planned city, up to 35,000 people may have lived there, fortress built on a brick platform to keep guard over the residents, wide main streets, narrow side streets, walls surrounded neighborhoods, lanes separated houses Most houses had flat roofs, built with mud bricks. Royal palace & temple were inside the fortress, which means? Wells supplied water, indoor baths, wastewater flowed underground through pipes to pits outside the fortress, which tells us what?
Decline • City found buried • Possible reasons: • Earthquake • Too many trees cut down caused erosion • Volcano • Result: Aryans migrated in and conquered
What? No weapons left behind with the other artifacts? What does this tell us? Aryans (nomadic hunters) from south central and central Asia invade by around 1500 B.C. Settled down & became farmers, but cont’d to raise cattle. Later declare cattle sacred & forbid them to be used as food. Invented the iron plow to help convert India’s jungles into farmland
You are born into the caste system and never leave it. It determines your vocation, your social group and who you are allowed to marry. • Aryans create the caste system in order to control the larger population of conquered, darker skinned people.
SWBAT describe how geography effected where people settled in India. Language Objective: SWBAT define terms: Vaisyas/skilled traders, merchants Brahman priest Sudras /unskilled labor Untouchables
Brahmans-Priests • Kshatriyas-gov’t or military • Vaisyas-farmers/merchants/traders • Sudras-manual laborers/servants • Pariahs or Untouchables-jobs no one else wants, collecting trash, handling dead bodies, cleaning out ears, cleaning public toliets,etc.
Role of Men & Women • Only men could inherit property • Men could go to school to become priests • Upper caste boys had a guru until they went to a city school. • Girls married at 13 into arranged marriages • Divorce was not allowed, but if a wife could not bear children, the husband could marry a 2nd wife. • When a upper caste husband died, the wife was expected to throw herself in the flames when he was being cremated. This practice is called suttee.
Hinduism and BuddhismChapter 6 section 2 • 3rd largest religion in the world • Created as a merger between Aryan pagan beliefs and religious beliefs of the people they conquered in India Krishna/god of love and joy Siva-god of destruction Saraswathi/ goddess of knowledge and art
Thousands of gods and goddesses who are parts of one universal spirit. • The universal spirit is “Brahman.” • The search for Brahman is found in the religious writings called “Upanishads.” • A person does not unite with Brahman until they have passed through many lives. If they lived a good life, they may pass on to a higher caste, if a bad life, a lower caste. What is this idea called? • Reincarnation
Reincarnation is very important to Hindus and influences every part of their lives. Because Hindus believe all life is sacred and even effects how they treat animals.
Dharma=divine law. People are required to follow the duties of their caste. The idea of doing a good job in this life in hopes of a better life when reincarnated,encouraged people to do the duty of their caste. Karma=consequences of how a person lives. Good life=good karma, will result in a better life the next time you are reincarnated. Bad life=?
Comparing Civil Law With Divine Law • Local, state and federal laws dictate how we behave and are held accountable if we don’t. • Divine law dictates how a person is to live their life. A person considers themselves Hindu first, Indian citizen second.
Who was Siddhartha Gautama? • Better known as “The Buddha” or “Enlightened One.” • By 600’s B.C. Indians begin questioning Hinduism, felt priests only cared about their temple ceremonies & not about the people. • At the same time, Prince Siddhartha from Nepal wanders outside his palace walls to see how the average person was living. (cont’d to next slide)
Gautama tried to find an answer to why people suffered and how their suffering could be cured. • Gautama sat under a tree for 49 days to meditate. • He believed everything around us is an illusion. Only way to find truth is give up worldly desires. Pain & suffering would vanish. A person would reach “nirvana,” not a place, but a state of wisdom.
Four Noble Truths: • Life is full of suffering. • People suffer b/c they desire worldly things & self satisfaction. • The way to end suffering is to stop desiring things. • The only way to stop desiring things is to follow the Eightfold Path.
P. 206 shows the Eighfold Path • Why do you think Buddha’s teachings were so popular? It rejects the caste system.
Persian & Greek invasions caused the Indians to set up their own empire to guard against future invasions. 1st empire established by Chandragupta Maury in 321 B.C., established a centralized gov’t. and set up the capital in Pataliputra.
Chandragupta Maurya was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River Valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.
Chandragupta’s grandson, Asoka is considered the empire’s greatest king. Asoka followed the teachings of Buddha after walking across a battlefield and witnessing the aftermath.
He built hospitals for people and animals, built new roads to enhance trade, shade trees along planted along roads where travelers could rest. Laborers built thousands of stupas or Buddhist shrines that have the shape of a mound or dome. • Asoka sent Buddhist teachers throughout India and Asia. He allowed Hindus to keep practicing their religion. With good leadership and roads, India became the center of a huge trade network that stretched to the Mediterranean Sea
By 232 B.C. Asoka died the, kings who followed him increased taxes for merchants and seized peasant’s crops for themselves. The Mauryan dynasty ended when the last ruler was killed by one of his own generals. • 500 years of bad rulers and unrest, finally in 320 A.D. the Gupta empire began with another Chandragupta dynasty ruling for about 200 years. Trade increased with stability in the empire. This time becomes India’s golden age of learning and culture.
Indian Literature & Science • Indian literature stressed the importance of dharma, which is…? • Vedas: Ancient hymns & prayers for religious ceremonies • The best known section of Mahabharata,is the BhagavadGita when Krishna (teacher of the world) preached a sermon before a battle of how noble it is to do one’s duty, even when it is difficult or painful.
Ancient Indians understood the Earth is round and revolves around the sun. Advanced in the area of medicine as well, were setting broken bones & performing operations, as well as invented many medical tools. Mathematicians came up with 0 and the figure to represent it that was later adopted by Arab traders. Also created symbols for the numbers 1-9 and the idea of infinity (something without end).
