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Digital Photography DeCal

Digital Photography DeCal. EECS98/198 Spring 2010 Nathan Yan Kellen Freeman. Digital Photography DeCal – important notes!. 1. Administrivia at the end of lecture 2. I tend to talk fast… – sorry! >__< 3. I tend to mumble and stutter… – sorry! >__<

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Digital Photography DeCal

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  1. Digital Photography DeCal EECS98/198Spring 2010 Nathan YanKellen Freeman

  2. Digital Photography DeCal – important notes! 1. Administrivia at the end of lecture 2. I tend to talk fast… – sorry! >__< 3. I tend to mumble and stutter… – sorry! >__< 4. No such thing as a dumb question 5. Website is http://www.photodecal.org -lectures, assignments, news!

  3. How it works All cameras, film or digital, work the same: Photons are projected onto a photo-sensitive plane which records the light information

  4. How it works By confining light to only photons which pass through a certain point, we begin to resolve “detail” Image processor

  5. History of Camera Development • Many pinhole-type cameras dating back to the 11th century • Joseph Niépce recorded the first photograph in 1826, using a photo-sensitive silver/chalk mixture (8 hour exposure) • Development of recording mediums more responsive to light: wet plates, dry plates • George Eastman introduces photographic film in 1885, and debuts the “Kodak” camera in 1888 – a cheap and easy to operate camera that began to popularize cameras • Oskar Barnack developed the Leica camera in 1925, which popularized 35mm film standard • Ihagee introduced the first single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, Exakta, in 1933, allowing photographers to view image “through the lens” • Auto-focus developed in the Konica C35AF in 1977

  6. History of Digital Camera Development • Began with charged couple device (CCD) sensors that recorded to analog media • Steve Sasson produced the first such camera for Kodak in 1975 • Solid state CCD that recorded output onto cassette tape • Resolution: 10,000 pixels, or 0.01 megapixels • First practical use in 1984, for journalism • Canon RC-701 recorded images onto "video floppies" • During 1984 Olympics images could be transmitted via telephone lines, and image quality (780x585, 0.4MP) was acceptable for newsprint • JPEG image compression standard introduced in 1988 • First true digital camera: Fuji DS-1P debuted in 1988, recording a digitized image file to onboard memory • First camera with live image feed to LCD: Casio QV-10 in 1995 • First "professional" digital SLR camera natively designed: 2.74MP Nikon D1 in 1999 • First affordable "consumer" digital SLR: 6MP Canon Digital Rebel 300D in 2003 - $1000 • First electronic viewfinder, interchangeable lens (EVIL): Panasonic G1 in 2008

  7. The Imaging Sensor Input: Light «photons» Output: Electrical signals

  8. Si Si Si Si Si Photowell

  9. Bucketloads of Electrons! Many electrons Voltage: High Implication: Many photons detected, bright exposure Result: bright image Few electrons Voltage: Low Implication: Few photons detected, dark exposure Result: dark image Max electrons Voltage: Max Implication: Max photons detected, brightest exposure Result: White image No electrons Voltage: Zero Implication: No photons detected, darkest exposure Result: Black image

  10. From detectors to image sensors

  11. Aperture Bigger aperture = more light!

  12. Shutter speed Longer shutter speed (exposure time) = more light collected!

  13. ISO is a “sensitivity” – higher ISO means more signal (brightness) for the input (light) you actually get Amplified electrical signal Amplifier Voltage Measurement Electrical signal Accumulated charge ISO sensitivity

  14. Digital Multiplication Use software to multiply the pixel values x010 x010 x100 2x 4x 8x 16x x000 x111 x111 x100 x000 x111 x111 x111 x100 x111 x111 x110 x111

  15. Shutter speed Aperture Amplified electrical signal Si Voltage Reading Photons Signal Amplification Si Si Quantum efficiency Electrical signal Amplifier Analog-to-Digital Converter Accumulated charge Photoelectrons 101010100100 Photons Digital representation of electrical signal Electrons Voltage Signal Image processor Image file Digital Multiplication Image Brightness

  16. Exposure "Stops"

  17. Class Enrollment: Lecture 1 unit P/NP Tuesday 6-7pm in 160 Kroeber (here) 98 CCN: 25320 198 CCN: 25574 Grading: Score 50% (cumulative) on weekly quizzes

  18. Photo Basics: Week 1: -Anatomy of a Digital Sensor -Conversion process of light into images -Aperture, shutter speed, ISO sensitivity in sensor model Week 2: -Side-effects of exposure parameters -Autoexposure/metering -Controlling exposure parameters in program modes

  19. Low-light photography: Week 3 -Analyzing blur -Blur reduction technology/techniques Week 4 -Defining noise -Sources of noise -Noise vs. detail Week 5 -Noise reduction methods -Creative usage of blur

  20. Lighting: Week 6 -Why flash is usually bad -Advanced flash techniques -Flash stop-action -Direction and intensity of light Week 7 -Dynamic, tonal range limitations -Balancing detail vs. contrast Week 8 Spring Break – no class Week 9 -Expanding dynamic range -Shrinking dynamic range Week 10 -White balance -Black and white conversion

  21. Lenses: Week 11 -Focal length and angle of view -Subject distance and perspective Week 12 -Focusing -Autofocusing systems -Depth of field Week 13 -Lens characteristics -Resolving power -Diffraction -Chromatic aberrations -Distortion -Software workarounds

  22. Optional Section Enrollment: Discussion (Optional) 1 unit P/NP Tuesday 5-6pm in 115 Kroeber Grading: Complete all semi-weekly assignments Into to Photojournalism(Optional) 1 unit P/NP Thursday 5-6:30pm in 251 Dwinelle Grading: Complete all semi-weekly assignments Complete documentary/photostory project To apply: check on photodecal.org later tonight (~11pm) Email (nathanyan@berkeley.edu) and I will send you link Questionnaire due Thursday 11:59pm, will respond with CCN by Friday

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