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REVIEW FOR THE MIDTERM EXAM

REVIEW FOR THE MIDTERM EXAM. 1. Define:. Nutrition: process by which organisms take in food and break it down Respiration: to make energy Excretion: removal of wastes Growth: increase in size. 1. Define:. Transport: move into or out of a cell

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REVIEW FOR THE MIDTERM EXAM

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  1. REVIEW FOR THE MIDTERM EXAM

  2. 1. Define: • Nutrition: process by which organisms take in food and break it down • Respiration: to make energy • Excretion: removal of wastes • Growth: increase in size

  3. 1. Define: • Transport: move into or out of a cell • Regulation: the ability to control or maintain homeostasis • Synthesis: to make large molecules from small ones

  4. 2. Define: • Metabolism: all the chemical reactions occurring within the cell • Homeostasis: a condition of a stable internal environment

  5. 3. Explain the steps to focus a specimen under high power. • Start under low power • Find specimen and focus • Center specimen • Switch to high power • Only use the fine adjustment to focus ** remember the object you view on the slide moves opposite the to way you actually move the slide

  6. 4. How do you convert between millimeters and meters? K H D U D C mm x x µm (U for units = Meters, Grams, Liters) Ex: 4 mm = .004 m Move the decimal 3 places to the left Now try converting µm to mm: 500 µm = _____ mm? 500 µm = .5 mm Now try converting mm to µm: .75 mm = _____? .75 mm = 750 µm King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk

  7. 5. State the 3 parts of the cell theory. • All organisms are made of cells • Cells carry on all life activities or functions • All cells come from pre-existing cells

  8. The Animal Cell

  9. The Plant Cell

  10. 6. Briefly describe the function of the following animal and plant cell organelles. • Nucleus – control center (brain) • Ribosome – site of protein synthesis • Mitochondria – power house – site of cellular respiration (makes ATP) • Cytoplasm – liquid of the cells where organelles are suspended • Cell wall – rigid structure only in plant cells

  11. 6. Briefly describe the function of the following animal and plant cell organelles. • Vacuole – storage area (central vacuole in plant cells) • Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis (plants) – makes food from light energy • Lysosome – contains digestive enzymes • Cell membrane – allows materials to pass through (in all cells)

  12. 6b. State 3 differences between plant and animal cells. • Plant cells have cell wall (and cell membrane) animal cells have only a cell membrane • Plant cells only have chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis) • Animal cells only have centrioles (active in cell division)

  13. 6c. Write the 7 levels of classification for organisms. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over From Germany Saturday

  14. STOP • Do questions #1-18 on pages 1–4 of your review question packet

  15. 7. Make a chart of the main organic compounds. C,H,O C,H,O C,H,O,N Growth and repair Quick energy Stored energy Simple sugars (monosaccharides) 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol Amino acids Starch Glucose “ose” Waxes Oils fats Enzymes Hormones

  16. Enzymes • Enzymes: • organic catalyst • speeds up the rate of a reaction • does not change • ends in “ase” • Substrates: • the substance the enzyme is acting upon

  17. 8. Describe enzymes and the lock and key theory. The substrate fits exactly into the active site of the enzyme

  18. 9. Describe 3 factors that effect the rate of enzyme activity. • Temperature • pH • Concentration of enzyme

  19. 10. Draw a sketch of the following organic compounds. GlucoseAmino AcidLipid

  20. 11.Define: • Dehydration synthesis – reaction where two molecules are bonded together by removing water • Hydrolysis – reaction where molecules are broken apart by adding water

  21. 12. Define: • Diffusion – movement of molecules from high to low concentration • Osmosis – the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration

  22. 12. Define: • Passive transport – no energy needed for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration • Active transport – APT (energy) needed for the movement of molecules from low to high concentration

  23. 13. Define cellular respiration. The process by which energy stored in food is released

  24. 14. Write the word and chemical equation for aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + O2→ CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy ** Remember this occurs in the mitochondria ** When ATP → ADP + P (energy is released)

  25. STOP • Do questions #1-12 on pages 5 & 6 of your review question packet

  26. 15. Describe 2 differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. • Aerobic respiration uses oxygen (36 ATP) – anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen (4 ATP) • Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria – anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm

  27. 16. Write the word and chemical equation for photosynthesis. CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2+ H2O carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water ** Remember this occurs in the chloroplast chlorophyll light

  28. 17. Compare the structure and function of human blood vessels. • Arteries • Carry blood away from the heart • Have thicker and more elastic walls • Contain blood under high pressure (where you can measure your pulse and blood pressure) • Veins • Carry blood to the heart • Have thinner and less elastic walls • Contain blood under lower pressure and have valves (to prevent backflow)

  29. 17. Compare the structure and function of human blood vessels. • Capillaries • Have walls only 1 cell thick • Are the site of exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases between the blood and the body cells

  30. 18. Draw and label the human heart. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart. Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Septum Superior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Inferior/superior vena cava → R. atrium → R. ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → L. atrium → L. ventricle → aorta → body cells

  31. 19. Compare the structure and the function of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells – carry oxygen (and carbon dioxide) White blood cells – fight infection Platelets – involved in blood clotting

  32. 20. What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method? • Define the problem • Formulate a hypothesis • Test the hypothesis (experiment) • Collect data - Accept/reject the hypothesis • Draw conclusions - Report/share

  33. 21. What is the difference between and an independent and a dependent variable? • Independent variable – a single factor that the experimenter determines (I decide) • Dependent variable – Data – what you are measuring D I

  34. 22. Explain what is meant by a controlled experiment. Only one factor is changed so you can make sure that the results were definitely caused by the factor you changed (tested). • ** What makes a reputable scientific experiment? • have a control • only one tested variable • large sample sets • repeated trials

  35. 23. What is a hypothesis? • A possible explanation • Your guess • Using “If ….. then” statements

  36. 24. What is the function of a cartilage, tendon, and ligament? • Cartilage – a cushion at the ends of the long bones • Tendon – connects muscles to bones • Ligament – connects bone to bone

  37. STOP • Do questions #1-12 on pages 7 - 9 of your review question packet

  38. 25. Describe the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Give an example of each. • Autotrophs: organisms that can make their own food. • Heterotrophs: organisms that must get their food ready made – they cannot make it themselves.

  39. 26. Identify the organelle below. The cell membrane:

  40. 27. Label the parts of the digestive system. salivary glands mouth (oral cavity) pharynx esophagus liver stomach gall bladder pancreas small intestine large intestine rectum anus

  41. 28. Distinguish between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton. Give an example of an organism of each. • Exoskeleton: an external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body • Endoskeleton: an internal support structure of an animal

  42. 29. Describe the location of the 3 types of muscle. • cardiac muscle: muscles of the heart • skeletal muscle: attached to the bones • smooth muscle: muscle of the inner walls of the organs and arteries

  43. 30. Plants… Plants exchange gases and water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomates These openings are opened and closed by guard cells

  44. 31. Fill in the blanks with the correct levels of organization for living things. Organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms

  45. STOP • Do questions #1-13 on pages 10 & 11 of your review question packet

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