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ETHOLOGY & SOCIOBIOLOGY BASIC ECOLOGY

. ETHOLOGY & SOCIOBIOLOGY BASIC ECOLOGY. ETHOLOGY & SOCIOBIOLOGY BASIC ECOLOGY. Ecology. The environment generally thought of as INTERNAL as well as EXTERNAL to the organism … EXTERNAL: ABIOTIC: ecosystem: geology, climate . . .

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ETHOLOGY & SOCIOBIOLOGY BASIC ECOLOGY

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  1. . ETHOLOGY & SOCIOBIOLOGYBASIC ECOLOGY

  2. . ETHOLOGY & SOCIOBIOLOGYBASIC ECOLOGY

  3. Ecology • The environment generally thought of as INTERNAL as well as EXTERNAL to the organism … • EXTERNAL: • ABIOTIC: ecosystem: geology, climate . . . • BIOTIC: , competitors within and between species, predators, prey, conspecifics … family • INTERNAL: physiological variables that sustain growth and maintain internal stability (homeostasis) (but there is also an internal ecosystem of predators and prey!) • EPIGENESIS: genes and the ENVIRONMENT interact, resulting in the manifest form (morphology) and behavior of the living organism

  4. ESSENTIAL TERMS and CONCEPTS in BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY • Can the physiological concept of "HOMEOSTASIS“ be applied to ECOLOGY ? • "NICHE" "the range of abiotic and biotic ecological variables in which a species can exist and reproduce." • "fundamental niche"The represents the theoretical capabilities • "realized niche"represents the actual role. • (recall Darwin’s observation of “limited resources” and extend to ALL NEEDS) (What happens when meeting a need is threatened?) • The range of ecological variables: • abiotic(geology, climate – moisture, temperature, seasonal patterns) • biotic (other organisms) predators, prey, companions, mates

  5. ESSENTIAL TERMS and CONCEPTS in BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY • r & K "selection" • ris an attribute of a species: the intrinsic rate at which the population can increase ("r- selected" species are identified by their possessing traits that maximize the expression of r. For example, they are least somatic, most reproductive. • K is an attribute of the ecosystem: the carrying capacity of environment (species are more somatic; a few very fit offspring; high competition for energy; greater efficiency in exploitation. ) • Possession of the traits is a source of hypotheses about qualities of the habitat. For example, plenty of free energy; a young, unstable ecosystem (early succession). • (in Darwinian terms, related to “overproduction” of young, and to “stability” of population size (all else equal))

  6. ESSENTIAL TERMS and CONCEPTS in BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY • OPTIMALITY: cost/benefit ratios considered in terms of • Constraints • Decisions • Currency • "Optimal foraging:" how to most efficiently exploit a ecological resources • how to encounter the most food? ("movement rules"), • how long to remain in a patch? (marginal value theorem) • Stay or go? Imagine apple picking where trees are close or distant from each other. What is your time worth? How much does it cost to move (energy, exposure …)

  7. PATHOLOGY that MAKES THE POINT: • PAREIDOLIA: more-or-less vague or ambiguous stimuli can be perceived as more-or-less significant • May be affected by STRESS • Clinical note: sometimes regarded as a variety of APOPHENIA (“specific experience of abnormal meaningfulness“) • “is this a dagger which I see before me!?” (Act 2 sc 1) • “Out, damn’d spot! Out I say…” (Act 5 sc 1) • PTSD flashbacks, dissociation, • IS it REAL, REMEMBERED, or IMAGINED

  8. REMINDER: • REALITY TESTING – dual processes of: • correspondence, and • coherence • ESSENTIAL for distinguishing current, ongoing reality from remembered or imagined mental constructs (such as dreams or hallucinations)

  9. ESSENTIAL TERMS and CONCEPTS in BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY • INTERSPECIFIC SOCIALITY • Symbiotic, mutualistic, commensal, parasitic • (“endo-” or “ecto-” … “obligate “or “facultative”) • Predator-Prey relationships • CONSPECIFIC SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

  10. ESSENTIAL TERMS and CONCEPTS in BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY • "COMMUNICATION" COMMUNICATIONS: media and messages • COMPETITION, AGGRESSION, SOCIAL DOMINANCE

  11. "Our life is an appenticeship to the truth that around every circle another can be drawn; that there is no end in nature, but every end is a beginning, and under every deep a lower deep opens" --Ralph Waldo Emerson

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