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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration. September 25, 2009 Questions on Test?? Agenda: 1. Cell Test 2. Chapter 8 Section 1 Reading Guide HW: Complete Reading Guide Georgia Performance Standard

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

  2. September 25, 2009 Questions on Test?? Agenda: 1. Cell Test 2. Chapter 8 Section 1 Reading Guide HW: Complete Reading Guide Georgia Performance Standard SB1-  Students will analyze relationship between structure and function in living things SB3- Relationship between cellular organisms and increasing complexity

  3. Warm Up!! Consider our demonstration. Make a hypothesis as to what you think is happening.

  4. September 28, 2009 How does energy get into a cell? Agenda: 1. Homework Check 2. Begin Cellular Energy 3. Introduce photosynthesis 4. Discuss Cell Project Grades Georgia Performance Standard SB1-  Students will analyze relationship between structure and function in living things SB3- Relationship between cellular organisms and increasing complexity

  5. Warm Up!! Brainstorm how you think energy gets into a cell. Write a list and share your ideas.

  6. September 29, 2009 How does energy get into a cell? Agenda: 1. Begin Cellular Energy 2. Introduce photosynthesis 3. Discuss Cell Project Grades Georgia Performance Standard SB1-  Students will analyze relationship between structure and function in living things SB3- Relationship between cellular organisms and increasing complexity

  7. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy • Energy is the ability to do work. • Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. • First Law:Conservation of Energy, energy can be converted but cannot be created or destroyed • Second Law: Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy

  8. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism • All of the chemical reactions in a cell • Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell • Cellularrespiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

  9. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy • ATPreleases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken. • Heterotroph and Autotroph

  10. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Photosynthesis Overview of Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. • Light-dependent reactions • Light-independent reactions

  11. Light and pigments • Photosynthesis requires light and the pigment chlorophyll • The green pigment is the wavelength reflected rather than absorbed, by plants the most – so plants are green and other colors are absorbed

  12. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase One: Light Reactions • The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis. • Water is split into Hydrogen and Oxygen • Chloroplasts capture light energy. • Chlorophyll a and b

  13. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase One: Light Reactions • Occurs inside thylakoid membrane • Converts ADP to ATP • Oxygen is given off by plant • Energy storing components • NADP+ and ATP

  14. Warm Up!! Use the following terms to construct a concept map: Light Light Dependent Water Glucose Hydrogen Thylakoid Oxygen Membrane Photosynthesis Electron Transport Light Independent ATP

  15. How is ATP generated in photosynthesis? Agenda: 1. Discuss Photosynthesis 2. Introduce Cellular Respiration 3. Work on Photosynthesis Review Sheet or Vocabulary Terms Georgia Performance Standard SB1-  Students will analyze relationship between structure and function in living things SB3- Relationship between cellular organisms and increasing complexity

  16. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent) • In the second phase of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose.

  17. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent) • The thylakoid membrane is the key to energy transfer • Process called electron transport drives the production of energy • Hydrogen moves from thylakoid into the stroma.

  18. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent) • The thylakoid membrane is the key to energy transfer • Process called electron transport drives the production of energy • Collection of hydrogen in thylakoid is called chemiosmosis

  19. Light independent reactionsThe Calvin Cycle • The Calvin cycle or light independent reactions take place in the stroma • Uses ATP and NADPH from light dep. Reactions to produce high energy sugars

  20. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration • Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. • The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis. (Glucose) + (oxygen)---->(carbon dioxide) + (water) + energy* (ATP)

  21. Overview of Cellular Respiration Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

  22. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration occurs in 3 parts. • Glycolysis • Kreb’s Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  23. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Step 1: Glycolysis • Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm by glycolysis (splitting glucose). • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Forms 2 pyruvate from 1 glucose • 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down. • Takes 2 ATP to start

  24. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Step 2: Krebs Cycle • Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. • The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle. • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

  25. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration • The net yield from the Krebs cycle is • 6 CO2 molecules • 2 ATP • 8 NADH • 2 FADH2.

  26. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.3 Cellular Respiration Step 3: Electron Transport • Final step in the breakdown of glucose • Point at which most ATP is produced • Produces 34 ATP • Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane • Uses NAD and FAD to carry electrons to the electron transport chain • Moves H across the mitochondrial membrane to create concentration gradient

  27. Summary Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose(C6H1206) + Oxygen(02) Glycolysis KrebsCycle ElectronTransportChain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

  28. Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration • The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis • Two main types: • Lactic acid fermentation • Alcohol fermentation

  29. Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

  30. Fermentation • A process in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) • Lactic acid fermentation – NADH is converted back to NAD producing lactic acid • Occurs when body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles during exercise = soreness, burning, fatigue

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