Fundamentals of School Administration

1. Fundamentals of School Administration EDU 547 - Spring 2014 SemesterThursday, February 13, 2014Chapter Five Presentation: “Culture and Climate in Schools”Presented by: Anyha Lord-JerrisProfessor: Dr. Lauren Larsen

2. ChapterOverview • Defining organizational culture • Examining the levels, function, and common elements of organizational culture • Examples of school rites, ceremonies, and consequences • A Model of Collective Efficacy • Understanding academic optimism • Defining school climate • Viewing school climate through different lenses • Strategies to change the culture and climate of schools • Conclusion

3. Organizational Culture • Chester Bernard (1938) and Elton Mayo (1945) stressed the significance of work-group values, norms, emergent interactions, and sentiments in the workplace as the functions of an informal organization. • In 1957, Phillip Selznick conducted additional analysis on organizational life and looked at organizations as institutions.

4. Organizational Culture Continued According to Selznick institutions are “infused with value beyond the technical requirements at hand.” Therefore the organization produces a “distinctive identity.” The basic function of executive leadership is to shape the culture of the organization.

5. Defining Organizational Culture There are three notable definitions of culture in the textbook (refer to page 177) by 1) William Ouchi, 2) Henry Mintzberg, and 3) Edgar Schein General Definition of Organizational Culture “a system of shared orientations that hold the unit together and give it a distinctive identity.”

6. Levels of Organizational Culture Deep • Tacit Assumptions – Abstract Premises • Nature of human nature • Nature of human relationships • Nature of truth and reality • Relationship to the environment Abstract Values – Conceptions of What is Desirable - Openness -Trust - Cooperation - Intimacy - Teamwork - Control • Norms • Support your colleagues • Don’t criticize the principal • Handle your own discipline problems • Be available to give students extra help • Get to know your colleagues Superficial Concrete

7. Levels of Organizational Culture

8. Examining Culture

9. Examples of School Rites, Ceremonies, and Consequences (Table 5.2 page 185)

10. A Model of Collective Efficacy

11. Academic Optimism Academic Emphasis Faculty Trust Collective Efficacy

12. Defining Organizational Climate (School Climate) School Climate – is a broad term that refers to teacher’s perceptions of the general work environment of the school; the formal organization, informal organization, personalities of participants, and organizational leadership influence it.

13. Three Lenses to View School Climate • Characteristics: • Cooperation • Respect • Supportiveness • High intimacy • Characteristics: • Copes with environment • dynamic leadership • Harmonious • Motivated students • Characteristics: • Go above & beyond • Altruism • Courteous • Civic duties

14. Changing the Culture and Climate of Schools

15. Conclusion Organizational culture and climate are two perspectives that are gaining more attention as researchers recognize the important impact of these two perspectives. In the educational arena, both perspectives are taking center stage as educational leaders recognize the correlation between school culture and climate and the impact on overall student achievement.