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Relativity 2

Harrison B. Prosper Florida State University YSP 2012. Relativity 2. Topics. Part 1 Recap Mapping Spacetime When Is Now ? Part 2 Distances in Spacetime Paradoxes Summary. Recap. Einstein’s theory is based on two postulates:

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Relativity 2

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  1. Harrison B. Prosper Florida State University YSP 2012 Relativity 2

  2. Topics Part 1 • Recap • Mapping Spacetime • When Is Now? Part 2 • Distances in Spacetime • Paradoxes • Summary

  3. Recap Einstein’s theory is based on two postulates: • Principle of relativity: The laws of physics are the same in all inertial (that is, non-accelerating) frames of reference. • Constancy of the speed of light: The speed of light in vacuum is independent of the motion of the light source.

  4. SpacetimeDiagrams Events can be represented as points in a spacetimediagram Events with the same time values, such as events A and B, are said to be simultaneous Time A B Space

  5. Event: A place at a given time Spacetime: The set of all events Earth’s Time Axis 3012 CE now D C B (t,x,y,z) 2512 CE A 2012 CE y x O

  6. Mapping spacetime

  7. tC C light light tA A Mapping Spacetime – I Starship’s worldline v = speed = BD / OB = x / tB Earth’s worldline B tB c = BD / AB D tD Line of simultaneity “Now” tB = γ tD tD = κ tA O

  8. tC C tB B D tD tA A O Mapping Spacetime - II κ-factor Relates elapsed times from a common event O to two events A and D that can be connected by a light ray. γ-factor Relates elapsed times from a common event O to two events B and D that are judged simultaneous in one of the frames.

  9. κ and γ Factors Relativistic Doppler Factor Dilation Factor

  10. κ and γ Factors Relativistic Doppler Factor Problem 1: derive the formula for κ. Problem 2: light of 500 nm wavelength is emitted by a starship, but received on Earth at a wavelength of 600 nm. What is the relative speed between the Earth and the starship?

  11. Line of simultaneity Δt = tB - tE tE E But events D and E are simultaneous for the starship so tE = tD / γ When is Now ? Events B and D are simultaneous for Earth so tD = tB / γ tB tD B D Line of simultaneity O

  12. When Is Now? - II “Nows” do not coincide! Δt = tB - tE Line of simultaneity Line of simultaneity Writing distance between B and D as x = BD the temporal discrepancy is given by B tB D tD tE E O Problem 3: derive Δt Problem 4: estimate Δt between the Milky Way and Andromeda, assuming a relative speed between the galaxies of 120 km/s

  13. Worlds in Collision T. J. Cox and Abraham Loeb

  14. Distances in spacetime

  15. P A O B The Metric dl The distance between points O and P is given by: OB2 + BP2 = OP2 = OA2 + AP2 OP2 is said to be invariant. The formula dl2 = dx2 + dy2 for computing dl2 is calledametric dy dx In 3-d, this becomes dl2 = dx2 + dy2 + dz2

  16. The Metric z The metric in spherical polar coordinates (r, θ, φ) Consider the spatial plane θ = 90o AC = rdφ CB = dr AB = dl r θ φ y Δφ C x B A

  17. Q O P The Interval Suppose that O and Q are events. How far apart are they in spacetime? First guess ds2 = (cdt)2 + dl2 ds cdt dl Unfortunately, this does not work! In 1908, Hermann Minkowski showed that the correct expression is ds2 =(cdt)2 – dl2 ds2 is called the interval Hermann Minkowski 1864 -1909

  18. The Interval In general, the interval ds2 between any two events is either timelike ds2 = (cdt)2 – dl2 or spacelike ds2 =dl2 – (cdt)2 or null ds2 = (cdt)2– dl2 = 0 depending on which difference, temporalcdt, or spatial dlis larger

  19. C 1. Which is the longest side and which is the shortest side? A B F ct 2. Which path is longer, D to F or D to E to F? 3 ls E 3 ls 5 ls 6 ls D x from Gravity by James B. Hartle

  20. Proper Distance By definition: The proper distance is the spatial separation between two simultaneous events. C & D are simultaneous in the Red frame of reference. E & D are simultaneous in the Yellow frame of reference. C D x’ E x A B

  21. Problem 5 Compute the spacetime distance (ds) between the following events: 1. event 1: solar flare on Sun (in Earth’s) now. event 2: a rainstorm here, 7 (Earth) minutes later. (Give answer in light-minutes.) 2. event 1: the fall of Alexandria in 640 AD event 2: Tycho’s supernova seen in 1572 AD(the star was then 7,500 lyfrom Earth). (Give answer in light-years.)

  22. Paradoxes

  23. The Pole and the Barn Paradox A 20 m pole is carried so fast that it contracts to 10 m in the frame of reference at rest relative to a 10 m long barn with an open front door. Consequently, the pole can fit within the barn for an instant, whereupon the back door is swung open. But in the pole’s frame of reference, the barn is only 5 m long, so it cannot possibly fit in the barn! Resolve the paradox (hint: draw a spacetime diagram)

  24. Betty’s Now in 2016 Δt = (0.8) (8y) = 6.4 years 2013.6 Betty’s worldline Temporal Paradox 2020 Ann’s Now in 2020 2016 Ann’s Worldline Ann’s Now in 2010 2010 8 light years (ly) β = 0.8 1/γ = 0.6 Example from About Time by Paul Davies

  25. Super-luminal signal sent to star A in 2010, arriving in 2016 according to Betty. But for Ann, signal sent in 2010 arrives in 2007! Betty’s Now in 2010 Betty’s Now in 2016 8 light years 2008 Ann and Betty’s Now in 2007.2 2007.2 A Super-luminal signal sent from A arrives in 2008, preventing signal sent in 2010! Temporal Paradox 2020 Ann’s Now in 2020 Ann’s Worldline 2013.6 8 light years Ann’s Now in 2010 2010

  26. Betty’s Now in 2022 Ann’s Now in 2030 2030 E-mail sent by Betty in 2016, Betty’s time, received by Ann in 2028, Ann’s time. 2028 Betty’s Now in 2016 Betty’s Now in 2010 2020 Ann’s Now in 2020 E-mail sent by Ann in 2012, Ann’s time, received by Betty in 2016, Betty’s time. 2013.6 2012 2010 Ann’s Now in 2010 8 light years Twin Paradox Betty 8 years younger!

  27. How To Make A Time Machine!

  28. Summary • There is no absolute “now”. Each of us has our own “now” determined by how we move about • Super-luminal travel, within a simply-connected spacetime, would lead to temporal paradoxes • The time between events depends on the path taken through spacetime, with an inertial (non-accelerating) path yielding the longest time

  29. Appendix

  30. t t' P x' C Q x O A B The Lorentz Transformation Define Δt = tBC+ tCP Δx = xOA + xAB What is the interval between event O and event P? Δx' = xOQ Δt' = tQP tCP = tQP /γ tBC =βΔx/ c xOA = xOQ / γ xAB = vΔt

  31. t t' P tCP = tQP / γ x' C Q tBC = v Δx/ c2 x O A B xOA = xOQ / γ xAB = v Δt The Lorentz Transformation We obtain the Lorentz transformation (Δx, Δt) → (Δx', Δt') Δx' = γ (Δx – βcΔt) cΔt' = γ(cΔt–βΔx) The interval from O to P is OP2 = (cΔt)2– (Δx)2 = (cΔt')2– (Δx’)2

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