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Cold War Beginnings

Cold War Beginnings. AP US History Mrs. Lacks. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle. Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]. US & the Western Democracies. GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [ George Kennan ].

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Cold War Beginnings

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  1. Cold War Beginnings AP US History Mrs. Lacks

  2. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL“Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  3. Potsdam Conference • Truman, Stalin, Clement Atlee (Great Britain) • Truman pushed Stalin to allow free elections in occupied Poland but he refused • agreement that each of the Allies could collect war reparations from section of Germany they occupied

  4. UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1945

  5. US wants to… • US wants to: • encourage democracy in other countries • gain access to raw materials and markets for its booming industry • rebuild European governments to ensure stability and ensure new markets • reunite Germany

  6. USSR wants to… • USSR wants to: • encourage communism in other countries • transfer industrial equipment of Eastern Europe to Soviets to help rebuild economy • control Eastern Europe as a balance to US influence • keep Germany divided and weak

  7. Truman Doctrine

  8. Marshall Plan

  9. GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947 BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE MARSHALL PLAN

  10. WITH HELP FROM THE MARSHALL PLAN WESTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIES REVIVE

  11. Marshall Plan • led to the eventual creation of the European Community (EC) • Access to MiddleEasternoil was crucial to the European recovery program and to the health of the U.S. economy.  • Despite threats from the Arab nations to cut off the supply of oil, President Truman officially recognized the state of Israel on May 14, 1948.

  12. 1949 SAW THE FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO GERMAN NATIONS COMMONLY KNOWN AS EAST AND WEST GERMANY. EAST GERMANY WAS RULED BY THE USSR WHILE WEST GERMANY WAS INDEPENDENT.

  13. BERLIN AIRLIFT: JUNE 1948 TO MAY 1949

  14. EVERYTHING FROM COAL TO CHOCOLATE WAS FLOWN IN BY FLEETS OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH CARGO PLANES LOADING BAGS OF COAL MAKING SMALL PARACHUTES TO DROP CANDY TO BERLIN CHILDREN

  15. IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE

  16. National Security Act • Est the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president & the CIA to coordinate fact-finding

  17. NATO • an attack on one as an attack on all.  • US Senate passed the treaty to enter July 21, 1949 • NATO marked • a dramatic departure from American diplomatic convention • a gigantic boost for European unification\ • a significant step in the militarization of the Cold War

  18. In response, the USSR • In response, the USSR will eventually form the Warsaw Pact with countries of Eastern Europe (aka satellite nations, the Iron Curtain)

  19. Bipolarization of Europe

  20. Meanwhile in Japan • General Douglas MacArthur took control of the democratization of Japan.  • The Japanese people cooperated to an astonishing degree; they saw that good behavior and the adoption of democracy would speed the end of the occupation.  • In 1946, a MacArthur-dictated constitution was adopted.  • It renounced militarism and introduced western-style democratic government.

  21. Spread of Communism • 1st USSR • Then China • Then North Korea • Then the satellite nations • Then Cuba • Then Vietnam (total communist countries to exist in the world to date)

  22. OCTOBER 1ST 1949 THE COMMUNISTS WON THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR AND THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IS ESTABLISHED WITH THE USSR AS ITS MAIN ALLY. IN THE US “LOSING CHINA” BECOMES A POLITICAL ISSUE. MAO ZEDONG, COMMUNIST LEADER OF CHINA

  23. TAIWAN CHIANG KAI SHEK LEADER OF NATIONALIST CHINA WAS FORCED TO FLEE TO THE ISLAND OF TAIWAN TO ESCAPE THE COMMUNISTS

  24. IN FEBRUARY OF 1950 THE TWO GREAT COMMUNIST POWERS SIGNED THE SINO-SOVIET PACT. THIS CREATED A BILATERAL DEFENSE COMMITMENT AND SETTLED BOUNDARY ISSUES. THE USSR ALSO AGREED TO PROVIDE LIMITED AID TO CHINA.

  25. IN 1949 THE USSR EXPLODED AN ATOMIC BOMB AND BECAME THE SECOND NUCLEAR POWER

  26. President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb. This new type of nuclear weapon is at least 100 times more powerful then the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945. THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE IN 1953.

  27. Anti-Communism • In 1938, the House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) to investigate "subversion."  • In 1948, Congressman Richard M. Nixon led the hunt for and eventual conviction of Alger Hiss, a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment."  • Americans began to join in on the hunt for communist spies of who were thought to riddle America.

  28. Top: HUAC, Richard Nixon on right Left: Alger Hiss

  29. Anti-Communism • In 1950, Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill, which authorized the president to arrest and detain suspicious people during an "internal security emergency."  • Congress overrode Truman's veto and passed the bill • Truman seen as soft on communism

  30. The “Hollywood 10” and their supporters Jack Warner’s (Warner Brothers studios) testimony at a HUAC hearing

  31. Anti-Communism • In 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted and sentenced to death for stealing American atomic bomb plans and selling them to the Soviet Union.  • They were the only people in history to be sentenced to death for espionage.

  32. Notice the caption below the picture which ties the case to the anti-immigrant sentiment and red scare of the 1920s.

  33. Election of 1948: Democrats Split • Republicans : nominate Thomas E. Dewey • Democrats:chose Truman(incumbent) • Truman's nomination split the Democratic Party.  • SouthernDemocrats: (Dixiecrats) nominated Governor J. Strom Thurmond • Why? Anti-civil rights • Progressive Party: nominated Henry A. Wallace. 

  34. Election of 1948: Democrats Split • Expected to lose, but not ready to give up, Truman traveled the country, giving energetic speeches.  • On Election Day, Truman, although not winning the popular vote, beat Dewey and was reelectedas president.  • Truman's victory came from the votes of farmers, workers, and blacks.

  35. The Fair Deal (Domestic) • Truman’s economic plan • raised the minimum wage • provided for public housing in the Housing Act of 1949 • extended old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries in the Social Security Act of 1950

  36. Point Four (Foreign) • Truman’s plan to distribute aid • Goal: to lend U.S. money and technical aid to underdeveloped lands to help them help themselves • Why? He wanted to spend millions to keep underprivileged people from becoming communists.

  37. Korean War (1950 – 1953) • When Japan collapsed in 1945, Korea had been divided up into two sections:  the Soviets controlled the north above the 38th parallel and the United States controlled south of that line.

  38. Korean War (1960 – 1953) • On June 25, 1950, the North Korean army invaded South Korea.  President Truman's National Security Council had recommended NSC-68, calling for the quadrupling of the United States' defense spending.  • Truman ordered a massive military buildup, well beyond what was necessary for the Korean War.

  39. The Korean War (1950 – 1953)

  40. Korean War[1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

  41. Korean War (1950 – 1953) • NSC-68 was a keydocument of the Cold War because it not only marked a major step in the militarization of American foreign policy, but it reflected the sense of almost limitless possibility that encompassed postwar American society. • On June 25, 1950, President Truman obtained from the United Nations Security Council a unanimous condemnation of North Korea as an aggressor.  (The Soviet Union was not present at the meeting.)  Without Congress's approval, Truman ordered American air and naval units to be sent to support South Korea.

  42. Korea – a Military Seesaw • On September 15, 1950, General MacArthur succeeded in pushing the North Koreans past the 38th parallel.  • On November1950, though, hordes of communistChinese "volunteers" attacked the U.N. forces, pushing them back to the 38th parallel.

  43. Korea – a Military Seesaw • MacArthur argues for permission to invade China and drop nuclear bombs - Truman says no but MacArthur continues with plans and Truman fires him

  44. On July 27th 1953, after three years of fighting, an armistice was signed ending the Korean war. Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel.

  45. Korean War (1950 – 1953) • 54,000 Americans dead; $20-22 billion • increased fear of communist aggression

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