Imperialism Q’s and Answers

1. Imperialism Q’s and Answers Check your work!

2. Definition • Imperialism: --one country takes control of another --empire-building

3. Economic --Natural Resources --Naval bases --Raw Materials --New markets for industrial products --Overpopulation—more jobs available in colonies Cultural --Source of troops for bigger armies --Spread of western civilization: Social Darwinism, “White Man’s Burden” --Spread of Christianity --Medical help, education Motivations

4. Scramble for Africa: European Advantages Technology: • Maxim gun—automatic machine gun • Steam engine—for travel into African interior • Telegraph Medical Advances: • Quinine—to control malaria

5. Scramble for Africa: Vulnerable to Conquest • Huge variety of languages and cultures • Wars between ethnic groups over land, water, and trade rights

6. Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference • By 1914, Europeans controlled the entire African continent except for Liberia (protected by the U.S.) and Ethiopia • Cash crops replaced food crops grown by farmers to feed their families

7. Scramble for Africa: South Africa Three groups that clashed over land and resources in South Africa • Zulus—led by Shaka Zulu • British • Boers (Dutch)—also called Afrikaaners

8. Scramble for Africa: Boer War Outcomes of Boer War • Britain won the war • Union of South Africa was created, controlled by the British • Key words: Cecil Rhodes, Shaka Zulu, Cape Colony, apartheid

9. Imperialism Case Study: Benefits to colonized people • Reduced local warfare • Improved sanitation • Improved hospitals and schools --increased life spans --increased literacy rates • Economic expansion • Constructed railroads, dams, telephone and telegraph lines

10. Imperialism Case Study: Negative Consequences • Colonized people lost control of land and independence • New diseases (smallpox) • Deaths from war, resistance, famine • Loss of culture • Artificial boundaries without regard to ethnic rivalries or allegiances led to longlasting political problems

11. U.S. Economic Imperialism: “Colossus of the North” • 7. • 8. • 9.

12. Egypt: Suez Canal Built by the French and Egyptians1854-1869. Egypt sold its share to Britain because of over-whelming debt resulting from construction costs.

13. Imperialism Case Study: Egypt • Imperialists: French, then British • Methods: Economic Imperialism • Outcomes: Egypt lost control of Suez Canal

14. Imperialism Case Study: Algeria • Algerians waged active military resistance against the French (lasted for 50 years) • French ultimately controlled much of North and West Africa

15. Imperialism: Algeria • French Maintained Direct Control --paternalism—treating indigenous people like parents treat children --assimilation—based on the idea that indigenous people would adopt European culture and become like the Europeans

16. Imperialism: Liberia • Influenced, but not controlled, by US • Created as a country for freed American slaves • Maintained independence, but has endured decades of crisis/turmoil

17. Imperialism: Ethiopia • Successfully resisted European imperialism when King Menelik II --played British, French and Italians against each other --built up arsenal of modern weapons --defeated Italians in Battle of Adowa --modernized Ethiopia

18. Leopold II • Belgian King • Personal owner of Congo • Terrible abuses of Congolese • Natural Resource: Rubber • William Sheppard

19. British Imperialism in India: How did they gain/maintain control? • Mughal Empire collapses; East India Co. gains control of India • British establish a railroad network in India to transport raw materials and manufactured goods; India becomes increasingly valuable to British • British force emphasis on cash crops; cause famine; villagers no longer self-sufficient • SepoyMutiny occurs and uprisings spread over much of northern India; British gov’t took direct control of India

20. British Imperialism in India: Outcomes Effects • Nationalism grew in India, along with calls for modernization and westernization • Indians form Indian National Congress, which calls for self-government • British partition Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; Indians find it more difficult to gain independence because they were divided

21. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands • Death of Suleyman—led to corrupt and weak sultans; • Rise of Nationalism—Ottoman territories began declaring independence (Greece and Serbia) • Geopolitics—world powers attracted to strategic location of Ottoman Empire; • Discovery of oil in Persia—Persia sold concessions to western businesses

22. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands • Policies European nations used to gain control of Muslim lands -- tried to win favor from Ottomans/ Muslims -- alliances with enemies of Ottomans/ Muslims -- war with Ottomans/Muslims

23. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands • Crimean War— • Causes: Russia wanted access to Black Sea for warm-weather port • Outcomes: Unclear winner of war; Ottomans lost territory to Russia; revealed Ottoman weakness and started decline of Ottomans

24. Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America Who were the Imperialists? Originally Spain, then the U.S. How did the US gain/maintain control? Economic Imperialism ▪US Businesses established holdings in Cuba ▪ 1898 Spanish-American War: When Cubans fought Spanish for independence, US supported their fight (probably more self-interested than concerned for oppressed Cubans)

25. Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America • U.S. feared that European powers would try to re-conquer Latin American countries—issued Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • The U.S. built the Panama Canal OUTCOMES U.S. installed military government in Cuba and exerted control over Cuban affairs; Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became U.S. territories

26. Economic Imperialism: • Used primarily by US, for example in Latin America: • 1. Paid workers w/ vouchers to be used only at company stores, forced workers into debt w/ high prices; debt passed to next generation • 2. Land distributed unequally—only wealthy landowners had property • 3. Military leaders gained fame/power during struggles for independence and controlled new nations as military dictators (caudillos)

27. U.S. Economic Imperialism: Foreign Trade • 4. Latin American exports grew with steamship and railroads and refrigeration • 5. Foreign countries lent money to Latin American governments for building facilities for export industries; when they couldn’t pay back loans, the foreign countries took over the facilities and industries • 6. They didn’t invest in infrastructure or fund programs for self-sufficiency.

28. China Resists Outside InfluenceOpium War Cause Effect China suffered humiliating defeat—forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing Britain got Hong Kong Treaty Ports established • British established Opium trade in China, leading to widespread addiction, and refused to end this drug trade

29. China Resists: Taiping Rebellion Cause Effect Taiping army took control of southeastern China Captured Nanjing—declared capital Feuding among Taiping rulers Taiping government falls in 1864 20 million died • Dramatic population growth • Widespread hunger • Increased opium addiction • Rebellion against Qing Dynasty

30. China Resists: Self-strengthening movement Cause Effect Tried to update education system, diplomatic service and military with mixed results Foreign nations gained increasing control over China’s economy Established spheres of influence • Taiping Rebellion and other resistance caused internal pressure on Qing government

31. China Resists: Open Door Policy Cause Effect China’s “doors” open to all foreign traders Policy protected U.S. trade rights in China and protected China from colonization China still under control of foreign powers • As Spheres of Influence are established, U.S. worries that it will be shut out if European nations establish formal colonies

32. China Resists: Boxer Rebellion Cause Effect International force of 19,000 troops marched on Beijing and defeated the Boxers Strong sense of nationalism emerged in China Dowager empress slowly began reforms Five decades of unrest • Growing frustration with Chinese loss of power to European powers • Qing Dynasty (Dowager Empress) refuses to allow reform • Peasants resented privileges granted to foreigners • Resented Chinese Christians

33. Modernization in Japan • American motive—to convince Japanese to open their ports to trade • U.S. benefits—U.S. could use two ports • Meiji modernization— --a. studied western gov’t and culture; --b. adopted best aspects of western civilization; --c. modernized the military; --d. universal public education; --e. industrialization

34. Modernization in Japan • Korea—Both Japan and China wanted trade and military posts in Korea • Sino-Japanese War—China sent troops to help Korea’s king put down a rebellion, violating its treaty with Japan • S-J War Consequences—Japan drove Chinese out of Korea, destroyed Chinese navy, gained territory in Manchuria; Japan gained first colonies

35. Modernization in Japan • Causes of Russo-Japanese War--Russia refused to stay out of Korea, Japan refused to recognize Russian rights in Manchuria; Japan attacked Russia • Consequences—Japan forced Russia out of Korea, captured Russia’s Pacific fleet, destroyed Russia’s Baltic fleet • Ruling Korea—Harsh rulers: shut down Korean newspapers, took over schools, took land, prohibited Koreans business

36. Imperialism in SE Asia

37. Turmoil and Change in Mexico • Santa Anna—1821 fought for independence from Spain and in 1829 fought to keep Spain from retaking control; • Became Mexico’s president four times (1833-1855); • Lost Texas and California to the U.S. in Mexican-American War (1845-48); • Exiled—returned to Mexico poor, blind, powerless, forgotten (1874)

38. Turmoil and Change in Mexico • Benito Juarez—poor Zapotec Indian, gained education, law degree; • Started liberal reform movement, La Reforma(1840s-50s); • Became president 1861-72; • Legacy of peace, progress and reform

39. Turmoil and Change in Mexico • Porfirio Diaz—noted military general; • Took control of Mexico in military coup 1876-1911; • Offered land, power, and favors to supporters and terrorized opponents; • Elections became meaningless; rich got richer and the poor got poorer.

40. Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution • Francisco Madero—ran for president, arrested by Diaz; • Called for Revolution; • Won election after Diaz stepped down 1911-1913 • Replaced by military leader Victoriano Huerta, who likely was responsible for Madero’s assassination

41. Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution Emiliano Zapata—led army in southern Mexico; called for reform, “Land and Liberty” PanchoVilla —led army in northern Mexico; “Robin Hood” —stole from rich to give to poor Overthrew Huerta to put Venustiano Carranza in power.

42. Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution Venustiano Carranza—overthrew Huerta’s government, Turned his army on Villa and Zapata (his former allies); Began revising Mexico’s constitution Civil War ended with more than 1 million Mexican people dead.

43. The White Man’s Burden http://www.antiimperialist.com/webroot/PEOPLEdocuments/Membership/Pictures/WhiteMansBurden.jpg http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/88.4/images/kramer_f5.jpg

44. William Sheppard

45. William Sheppard