HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

1. HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Where Are We Going & Where Have We Been Modified and Presented By: Bakary Singhateh School of Education - UTG

2. Educational Technology Objectives: • To identify events and devices of the past that contributed to the technological revolution. • To examine the organizations and their viewpoints that have shaped technology use in the classroom today. • To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances.

3. Educational Technology “Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994) TEA

4. Educational Technology The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.” (Paul Saettler, 1990)

5. Educational Technology Founding of the Academy by Plato begins a new movement in education 389 B.C.

6. 1453 Guttenberg’s moveable type transforms society

7. Printed type The invention of the printing press in the late 15th century gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible. The invention also transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that.

8. 1635 Founding of the first public schools 1801 Chalkboard invented

9. 1878 Remington Typewriter Writing instruments 1884: Pens invented 1901 Radio signals sent across Atlantic 1903: Crayons Invented

10. Educational Technology During the Middle Age Advent of Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard introduced a technology of instruction which was really a new method of structuring and presenting materials that helped set the style of scholastic education.

11. Educational Technology Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart and Montessori contributed their own concept on educational technology improving educative process. John Amos Comenius was recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which was illustrated textbooks for children studying Latin & Sciences.

12. Educational Technology The 19th century paved in the advent of effective technological development including the production of textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement called “Visual Instruction”.

13. Educational Technology By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts. In 1926, educational films were used as instructional media. In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning task.

14. Educational Technology In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was developed and this served as the educational workhorse during the audio-visual movement of the time.

15. Educational Technology During World War II, the U.S. government encouraged the implementation of technology of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a system approach to instruction to include: micro-teaching, individualized instruction, Language laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral objectives, computer assisted instruction and among others

16. History of “Computers” • Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC • Calculators---1600s • Punched Card Devices---1800s • First Electronic Computers---1940s • Mainframes---1950s • Minicomputers---1960s • Microcomputers---1970s • Microcomputer Systems---1980s • Internet---1990s

17. Ancient ComputingHistory The Abacus Mechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations. Still in use around the world. Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.

18. Early Computing History Blaise Pascal Invented the first mechanical calculator. The Pascalineused cogs and gears to solve math equations.

19. Mechanical Calculators • First “programmable”machine. • Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom. • Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming. Joseph Jacquard

20. Electronic Computer Systems First Generation:1943-1956 • Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits. • Used punch cards to input and externally store data. • Up to 4K of memory. • Programming in machine language and assembly language. • Required a compiler.

21. First Generation: 1943-1956 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) World’s first electronic digital computer. Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department. Check out the ENIAC exhibit.

22. Second Generation: 1957-1964 • Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs. • Up to 32K of memory. • Programming in computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL. 1956 IBM 350 RAMAC Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.

23. Third Generation: 1965-1971 • Used integrated circuits. • Up to 3 million bytes of memory. • Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

24. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now Microcomputer Revolution Begins. • 1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip. • Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled. • Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I. • Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.

25. Fourth Generation: 1972-Now • Personal computers or PCs. • Usually cost about $2,000 or less. • Process over 1 billion operations per second. • “Stand-alone” or connected to other computers as a network system. Microcomputers TEA

26. 1990’s Connecting the World Tim Berners-Lee • Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was born.

27. 1990’s Connecting the World Marc Andreessen • An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML. • Co-founder of Netscape Communications.

28. The 21st Century • Technologies of the Future • Advanced robotics commonplace • Smart houses • Wearable computers • Holodeck virtual reality • Truly individualized education Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.

29. The 21st Century • Only recently focused on computers. • Internet current primary trend. • Communication with colleagues. • Lesson plan preparation. • Student resources. • Access research and best practices for teaching. 05:34.0 TEA

30. Educational Technology Our Definition: “A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)

31. Educational Technology Change in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skills • No longer just three R’s • “Learning to learn” skills essential • Lifelong learning TEA

32. Four Different Views • Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT) • International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI) • International Technology Education Association (ITEA) • International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)

33. Four Different Views AECT • Audiovisual Media Communications. • Begun in 1923. • Initially centered on radio. • Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and educational television. • Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and visual communications.

34. Four Different Views AECT • “Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.” (Saettler, 1990, p. 9) • Publications: • TechTrends • Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology Visit the AECT web site from Resources.

35. Four Different Views ISPI • Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories • “Systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.” (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)

36. Four Different Views • Publications: • Performance Improvement Journal • Performance Improvement Quarterly ISPI Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.

37. Four Different Views ITEA • Industry trainers and vocational teachers. • Schools should prepare students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.

38. Four Different Views ITEA • Includes robotics, manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD). • Publications: • The Technology Teacher • Technology and Children • The Journal of Technology Education Find out more at the ITEA web site.

39. Four Different Views ISTE • Primary focus encompassed both instructional and support applications of computers. • Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education. • Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.

40. Four Different Views ISTE • National Educational Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS) • Publications: • Learning and Leading with Technology (formerly The Computing Teacher) • Journal of Research on Computing in Education ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.

41. Modern Educational Technology History • First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950. Mainframe Computer Systems

42. Modern Educational Technology History Mainframe Computer Systems • First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.

43. Modern Educational Technology History • Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by: • Large hardware manufacturers • Software systems companies • University development projects • New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators. Software

44. Modern Educational Technology History Software • Authoring systems • Response to educators quest for input into design of educational software. • Allowed educators to develop their own courseware. TEA 15:05.0

45. TEA Modern Educational Technology History Software • Authoring systems • Required extensive expertise. • Extended time commitment. • Expanded work investment.

46. Modern Educational Technology History Seymour Papert • Educational theorist mentored by Jean Piaget. • Developed programming language for young children based on constructivist theory of education. • Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system. 16:25.0

47. Modern Educational Technology History The Internet and the WWW Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom. 16:50.0 TEA

48. What We’ve Learned • Computer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target. • Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable. • More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come. 17:20.0

49. What We’ve Learned • Computer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system. • Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities. 18:00.0

50. What We’ve Learned Development of technology materials and integration strategies is time intensive and should not be a classroom teacher’s primary responsibility – You’ve got enough to do! 18:20.0 TEA