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Grammar ‘ 了 ’ le Chinese --L Cheng. Verb 了. perfective aspect 了 , or completed action 了 It marks the completeness of an action; Position : after verb Verb + le. Verb 了. 昨天 我买 了 两个 馒头。
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Verb 了 • perfective aspect了, or completed action了 • It marks the completeness of an action; • Position : after verb • Verb + le
Verb 了 昨天 我买 了 两个 馒头。 Yesterday I bought LE two steamed buns Zuótiān wǒ mǎi le liǎng gè mántou.Yesterday I bought two steamed buns.
With quantities • 1.to mark quantified verbs • 2.the object is a specific quantity or duration • 3.for verbs and numbers occurring together
With quantities • 我 吃 了 三 块 蛋糕。 • I eat Le three MW cakeWǒ chī le sān kuài dàngāo.I ate three pieces of cake.
Sentence 了 1.modal了 and change of state了 2.appears at the end of the sentence 3. indicates that a new situation exists; the state of things has changed. 4.In English, ‘now’ or ‘any more’
Sentence 了 天气 冷 了。 Weather cold LeTiānqì lěng le. The weather is now cold
Verb 了 and sentence 了 together 1.it describes what has been completed up till now. 2.‘at this point, it’s now the case that x has been done”. ‘so far’ or ‘up till now’.
Verb 了 and sentence 了 together 你 已经 喝 了 十一瓶啤酒了！ You already drink Le 11 MW beer LeNǐ yijing hē le shíyī píng píjiǔ le!You’ve had eleven bottles of beer!
Liǎo 了 • 了 is pronounced liǎo rather than le. • literally means ‘finish’, ‘complete’ or ‘achieve’. Liǎo 了 is a verbal complement. • 2. It indicates the success or failure of an action, appearing with 得 (positive) or 不 (negative).
Liǎo 了 你来得了吗？Nǐ lái dé liǎo ma?Can you make it? 我看不了啊！Wǒ kàn bù liǎo ā!I can’t see!
Liǎo 了 And, just to really confuse you, here’s a sentence with sentence 了 and liǎo 了 together: 苹果买不了了！Píngguǒ mǎi bùliǎo le!You can’t buy apples any more!I.e.Apples have sold-out!
Summary • Verb 了 • Is about action. • Marks completeness, or perfective aspect. • Occurs right after the verb. • Sentence 了 • Is about state. • Marks a change in state or a new situation. • Indicates the relevance of this information to the present. • Occurs at the end of the sentence.
Summary • Verb 了 and sentence 了 together • Marks what has been done up to now. • Indicates that this is the current situation, and the action is on-going.
