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Christian Spirituality

Christian Spirituality. Periods. Early formulation (250-600) Early Middle Ages (600-900) “Golden Age” (900-1300) Late Middle Ages (1300-1500) Reformation Counter-Reformation. Periods (cont.). 17th Century Anglo-American (Anglican, Puritan)

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Christian Spirituality

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  1. Christian Spirituality

  2. Periods • Early formulation (250-600) • Early Middle Ages (600-900) • “Golden Age” (900-1300) • Late Middle Ages (1300-1500) • Reformation • Counter-Reformation

  3. Periods (cont.) • 17th Century Anglo-American (Anglican, Puritan) • 18th Century Anglo-American (Great Awakening, Methodism) • 19th Century • 20th Century

  4. Early Sources • Bible • Classical and Jewish philosophy • Monasticism • Eastern theology • Western theology • Celtic spirituality

  5. Sources (cont.) • Classical and Jewish philosophy • Plato • Plotinus (205-c. 270) • Proclus (412-c. 490) • Philo (c. 20 B.C.-c. 50 A.D.)

  6. Sources (cont.) • Monasticism • Anthony (c. 250-356) and the Desert Fathers • Evagrios (345-399) • John Cassian (c. 360-c. 435; to France 415) • Martin of Tours (ca. 317-357) • Benedict (c. 480-c. 547)

  7. Sources (cont.) • Eastern theology • Alexandrian school • Clement (c. 160-220) • Origen (c. 185-253) • Athanasius (c. 296-373) • Cappadocian fathers • Gregory Nazianzus (c. 329-c. 390) • Basil (329-379) • Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335-c. 395) • Pseudo-Dionysius (c. 500) • Maximos Confessor (580-662)

  8. Sources (cont.) • Western theology • Ambrose (334-397) • Augustine (354-430) • Gregory the Great (540-604) • John Scottus Eriugena (c. 810-c. 877)

  9. Sources (cont.) • Celtic spirituality: Emphases • Pilgrimage/voyage; exile and home • Longing and desire • Longing for heroic past • Spiritual combat • Penance and spiritual guidance • Ambivalent view of nature

  10. 11-13th century Spirituality • Background • Ecclesiastical reforms • Gregory VII (c. 1020-1085, pope from 1073) • Fourth Lateran Council (1215) • Crusades (beginning 1096) • Monastic reform

  11. 11-13th century (cont.) • Benedictine reform • 11th century figures: John of Fecamp, Peter Damian • Cistertians (1098): Bernard. others • Canon reform • Carthusians • Victorines • Mendicant order creation • Franciscans • Dominicans • Beguines and women mystical writers

  12. 11th--13th century (cont.) • Cistertians (Benedictine reform) • Order founded (1098) • Bernard (1090-1153) • William of St. Thierry (c. 1080-1148) • Aelred (c. 1110-1167) • Joachim of Fiore (1132-1202)

  13. 11-13th century (cont.) • Carthusians (canon reform) • Bruno (1030--1101) • Chartreuse founded (1084) • Order founded (1140)

  14. 11th-13th century (cont.) • Victorines (canon reform) • Abby of St. Victor founded (1108) • Hugh of St. Victor (1097-1141) • Richard of St. Victor (c. 1123-c. 1173) • Thomas Gallus (d. 1246)

  15. 11-13th century (cont.) • Franciscans • Francis (1182-1226) • Order founded (1209) • Bonaventure (1217-1274) • John of Parma (1209-1289) • Jacopone da Todi (1228-c.1306)

  16. 11-13th century (cont.) • Dominicans • Dominic (1172-1221); Cistertian • Order founded 1215 • Aquinas (1226-1274)

  17. 11-13th century (cont.) • Beguines and women mystics • Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179); Benedictine • Elizabeth of Schonau (c. 1129-1165); Benedictine • Hadewijch (c. 1200-c. 1250); Beguine • Mechtild of Madeburg (c. 1210-c. 1285?); Beguine/Dominican, later Cistertian • Mechtild of Hackborn (1240-1298)

  18. Late 13th--Early 14th Century Background • Death of several prominent religious leaders (Dominic 1272, Aquinas and Bonaventure 1274) • Chaos in Papacy • Between Gregory X (1271-1276) and 1300 there were 7 popes; between 1268-1271 and 1292-1294 there was no pope. • Boniface VIII (1294--1303) has a ruinous confrontation with Philip IV of France (reins 1285-1314) • Papacy moves to Avignon (1305-1378); this is later followed by the Great Schism (1378-1417) • European famines begin 1315; these are followed by the Black Death (1347-1350)

  19. 14th century Spirituality • Focus on reform/revival movements outside of France and Italy • British Spirituality • German Spirituality • Low Countries Spirituality • Italian remnant • Dante (1265-1321) • Catherine of Siena (1347-1380); Dominican • Later: Catherine of Genoa (1447-1510)

  20. 14th century (cont.) • British spirituality • Margery Kempe (c. 1290) • Richard Rolle (c. 1300-1349) • John Wyclif (1324-1384) • Cloud of Unknowing (c. 1370; Carthusian?) • Walter Hilton (c. 1340-1396; Canon) • Julian of Norwich (1343-c. 1413)

  21. 14th century (cont.) • German spirituality • Meister Eckhart (c. 1260-1327; Dominican) • Margaret Ebner (1291-1351) • John Tauler (c. 1300-1361) • Henry Suso (c. 1295-1365) • Theologia Germanica (c. 1350) • Nicholas of Cusa (1400-1464)

  22. 14th century (cont.) • Low countries • Hadewijch (c. 1200-c. 1250) • John Ruysbroeck (1293-1381) • Thomas a Kempis (1380-1471)

  23. Protestant Reformation • Reformation • Luther (1483-1546); the Ninety-Five Theses (1517) • Calvin (1509-1564) and Zwingli (1484-1531) • Anabaptists: Mennonites and others (Menno Simons, 1496-1561) • Other mystics: Jacob Boehme (1575-1624)

  24. Reformation (cont.) • Effects of the Reformation • Rejection of monasticism and associated practices • De-emphasis on development • De-emphasis on mystery, negative theology • Emphasis on Word, preaching • Emphasis on the equality of all • Problem of assurance

  25. Counter-Reformation • Movements and Reactions • Council of Trent • Spanish Mystics; Ignatius and the Jesuits • French Spirituality • Jansenius Controversy (17 century)

  26. Spanish Mystics • Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) • Founder of the Jesuits, which became a primary tool for counter-Reformation and world missionary work • Wrote the Spiritual Exercises which emphasize examination, discernment

  27. Spanish Mystics (cont.) • Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) • Led reform and establishment of Carmelite convents in Spain • Emphasis more on positive spirituality • Wrote a number of famous works, including an autobiography, Way of Perfection, and Interior Castle

  28. Spanish Mystics (cont.) • John of the Cross (1542-1591) • Worked with Teresa for a period of time • Imprisoned by the Inquisition for a time, during which he did some of his best writing • Wrote poetry and prose, works include Ascent of Mount Carmel and Dark Night of the Soul

  29. French Spirituality • Francis de Sales (1567-1622) • Brother Lawrence (1611-1691) • Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) • Quietists • Madame Guyon (1648-1717) • Francois Fenelon (1651-1715)

  30. 17th Century Anglo-American: Mainstream • English “Reformation” (break with Rome completed 1535) but continued struggle between Catholics and Protestants until the flight of James II (1688) • Spirituality for all • Book of Common Prayer (1549); Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) • Dissolution of the monasteries • George Herbert (1593-1633) • Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667) • William Laud: Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, 1633; introduces Arminian theology

  31. 17th Century Anglo-American: Dissenters • Puritanism (anti-Catholic; Calvinist; emphasis on creation, sanctification) • Richard Baxter (1615-1691) • John Owen (1616-1683) • John Bunyan (1628-1688) • John Milton (1608-1674) • Separatism (Congregationalists, Baptists) • Quietism/Quakerism: George Fox (1624-1691)

  32. 18th Century Anglo-American • William Law (1686-1761) • Awakenings • Isaac Watts (1674-1748) • American GA: 1720s & 1730s • Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) • Methodism • John Wesley (1703-1791); Aldersgate Street Experience (1738)

  33. 19th-20th Century • European • Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) • Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) • Henri Nouwen (1932-)

  34. 19th-20th Century (cont.) • British • Evelyn Underhill (1875-1941) • CS Lewis (1900-1963) • William Temple (1881-1944) • Charles Spurgeon (1834-1892)

  35. 19th-20th Century (cont.) • American • Thomas Merton (1915-1968) • Dallas Willard (1935-) • George Buttrick (1892-1980) • Frank Laubach (1884-1970) • John Baillie (1886-1960) • Elizabeth O’Connor (1921-) • E. Stanley Jones (1884-1973) • Morton Kelsey (Episcopal)

  36. 19th-20th Century (cont.) • International • Anthony de Mello (1931-1987) • Thomas Kelly (1893-1941) • Watchman Nee (1903-1972)

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