Satellite Navigation as seen by NATO CGSIC, 5 Dec. 2002, EUROCONTROL, Brussels

1. Satellite Navigation as seen by NATO CGSIC, 5 Dec. 2002, EUROCONTROL, Brussels Prepared by Jean-Philippe SAULAY NATO Head Quarters C3 Staff (NHQC3S) Navigation and Identification Section (Ext 4309) nav.ident@hq.nato.int

2. OUTLINE • Introduction / Outline • NATO Structure/Missions • Navigation in NATO • Navigation Evolution • Current Issues • GPS • PALS • WRC 2003 • NAVWAR • GALILEO • Conclusion

3. NSA NATO Navigation Structure NAC NON NATO NATO MC NC3B CNAD NATMC NAVSC NAFAG CNS JRCSC WEAG (WEU) Navwar AVS WG AG 5 ASCC (AU,CA,NZ,UK,US) Air WG NETMA ALS JWG

4. NATO Main Mission Alliance fundamental tasks: Security, Peace Preservation and Euro-Atlantic Security Reinforcement 3 main Military Missions: • Article 5 collective defense • Non-article 5 crisis response • Consultation and co-operation

5. Navigation Activities • Support to NAC and Senior Committees (NC3B, CNAD…) for Navigation, Approach and Landing Systems, Time and Frequency standards • Support to MC and Military Structure • Missions • Information exchange (equipment, development, R&D, testing, new technologies…) • Plans and policies (transition/implementation plans…) • Standardisation (STANAGs development, maintenance, …) • Collaborative efforts (international co-operation development and promotion, international test campaigns,…)

6. Information Exchange • Nations exchange information through Sub-Committees/Groups: • on existing systems: • technical information • phase in/phase out data • capabilities of systems and platforms • on new developments: • research • testing • development and production programs • Cooperation efforts: • Four nation programme (CA, NL, SP, UK) for the development and production of Low Cost Inertial Navigation System for Ships (SINS) • Jointly funded studies on NAVSTAR GPS and its adequacy to NATO requirements • Multinational testing of new GPS equipment (PLGR, DAGR,…) • Standardization: Integrity, GPS/INS testing, NAVWAR,Differential GPS... • NIAG Studies (emerging technologies,…)

7. Navigation systems - MIDS/JTIDS - Non Directional Beacons - Position Location Reporting Systems (PLRS) - SYLEDIS - TACAN - Terrain Reference Navigation - VOR/DME - Celestial Navigation - Doppler Navigator - GPS/NAVSTAR - Differential GPS - Inertial Navigation Systems - Loran-C ( including Eurofix) - MLS (including DME-P) - PAR - ILS NAVIGATION Positioning Navigation Timing Approach and Landing Systems

8. Navigation Policy • NATO navigation policy, strategy and requirements: • “ANP-1 NATO Master Navigation Document” • “NATO Strategic Plan for Air Navigation and Landing Systems” • National PALS Implementation Strategies (NPIS) • “Policy on Navigation Services for NATO Military Operations” • Common Fitting Standards for Air Communication, Navigation, Identification and Landing Systems for Joint NATO/PfP Operations • ALS NATO Staff Target • NATO Staff Requirements and Military Operational Requirements Under development/approval • “NATO Strategic Plan for Joint Navigation and Landing Systems” • “Generic Operational Characteristics of Satellite Positioning, Navigation, Timing Services for NATO Military Operations” • Precision Approach and Landing System Transition Strategy

9. Navigation Systems Evolution • Emergence of satellite technology • Evolution of of the global navigation environment • Emergence of Satellite Navigation (GNSS, RNSS) • Traditional ground-based systems/back-up systems • 3 Existing or underdevelopment Systems • GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO • NATO uses US GPS System • Only Available System Meeting NATO Military Requirements • NAVSTAR GPS MOU IV and Addendum • STANAGs • Permanent exchange of information among NATO Nations

10. Navigation Systems Evolution WHYSatellite Navigation or GPS use • NATO depends on smaller, more maneuverable forces (now and for the future) • GPS on all platforms (Soldiers to AWACS through UAVs or PGMs…) • Total Battlespace Awareness • Huge Capability Multiplier • Interoperability • DGPS, SRDGPS, Tactical Landing • NAVWAR implementation

11. Current Issues • GPS • GPS Modernization program • GPS implementation, management and improvement (GPS evolutions) • SAASM, Jamming/Anti-jamming activities • PPS Certification • Precision Approach and Landing System Transition Strategy • WRC-2003/Spectrum Management • Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR) • GALILEO

12. GPS Modernization • System Level • Cryptography • Electronic Keys • Tactical Prevention • Policy/Plans • Strategies • GPS III • Space Segment • Block II-M • Block IIF • Future Satellites More Power More Signals More Flexibility • Signal-in-Space • BOC(10,5) • Ranging Code • Acquisition Codes • Data Modulation • User Segment • Anti-Tamper • A-J Technology • SAASM • INS Coupling • Secure Acquisition • Integrity Monitoring • Digital Signal Processing • Control Segment • Open Architecture • Tactical Management • Back-Up & Alternate Facilities

13. GPS Modernization • M-code Technical Characteristics • Spectrally separates civil signals from military signals. • Critical capability to allow Navwar prevention operations (security management, jamming)

14. PALS Transition Strategy - 2002 2003-2006 2008-2018 2018 - • PAR Standard • Gain Ops Exp w/ • Future PALS • Certify Future PALS • PAR Standard • New PALS • Standard • PAR Optional New PALS Standard Virtually Exclusive New PALS : MLS or D-GNSS GPS Based Approach and Landing Activities • STANAGs 4392 and 4550 upgrades • Standardization Activity on SRGPS (Shipboard Relative GPS) • Standardization Activity on Tactical Landing • Anti-jamming Requirements

15. WRC-2003/Spectrum Management • - Development of a NATO Military Position for WRC-03 to be • approved by the NAC in March 2003 • - Co-operation with the European Conference Preparatory Group (CEPG) and the Inter-American Telecommunication • Commission (CITEL) • - WRC 2003 Navigation Issues are mainly in 4 Agenda Items: • item 1.4: 5091-5150 MHz Band, use of the band by fixed-satellite service, impact on MLS • item 1.15: 960-1215 MHz, 1260-1300 MHz and 5010-5030 MHz Bands, Resolutions 604, 605 and 606 (MLS, PfD limits) • item 1.17: 2900-3400 MHz Band, Radiolocation allocation upgrade (impact on Radars) • item 1.28: 108-117.975 MHz Band (DGPS corrections)

16. NAVWAR (1) NATO NAVWAR definition “NAVWAR is defined as preventing the hostile use of Positioning, Navigation and Timing information while protecting the unimpeded use of the information by NATO forces and preserving peaceful use of this information outside the area of operations” • NAVWAR AHWG • “NATO must develop and implement a NAVWAR strategy that ensures availability of this information (PNT) to friendly forces and denies access to potential adversaries.” • NAVWAR ANP • “Provide an overall NAVWAR framework and concepts in support of NATO military operations…”

17. NAVWAR (2) • Preventing Hostile use of PNT in an area of operations • Supports critical and time sensitive military operations • Denial of PNT services through security management (encryption, user equipment proliferation awareness and control…) • Denial of PNT services through selectable spectrum/modulation techniques In the case of GPS Achieving spectrally separation of military services from civil services is a fundamental part of GPS Modernization and facilitates denial of non-military PNT at the scale of the local area of operations.

18. NAVWAR (3) Spectral separation of civil signals from military signals to allow the jamming of these civil signals while protecting the military signals New military signal M-Code with capability to deny the hostile use of civil signals By jamming the new civil L2C signal By jamming the civil L1 C/A signal L2C C/A M-code M-code P(Y) P(Y) L1 1575.42MHz L2 1227.6MHz while using military M-code signal on either side of each frequency

19. GALILEO (1) • European satellite Navigation System (GNSS) • “Must be an open, global system fully compatible with GPS” • 4 + 1 services • Open Service • Commercial Service • Safety of Life Service • “SAR Service” • Public Regulated Service • robust (interference) • encrypted • resistant to jamming • limited and well-defined number of government-authorized users Civil/ military ?

20. GALILEO (2) • GPS/GALILEO Interrelation-ship • interoperability • compatibility • GALILEO Users • GALILEO services/signals definition and security management • frequency allocation in respect with the Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR) concept • GPS M-Code Overlay • GALILEO Flexible BOC modulation

21. M-code/PRS overlay M-code: BOC(10,5) modulation on L1 & L2 PRS: BOC(n,m) on L1 & E6 partial/full overlay

22. GALILEO (3) • NATO is not a “first line player” on GPS/GALILEO • no “NATO position” on GALILEO • GPS is US controlled/managed • GALILEO is EU controlled/managed BUT - GPS is a crucial capability for NATO - NATO needs to protect its Military Capabilities - NATO needs to protect its Forces - GALILEO impacts NATO

23. SUMMARY • Navigation Information (or PNT) Dominance crucial for Military Operations • Satellite Navigation importance/predominance • Navigation Warfare to maintain military advantage during operations • GALILEO impacts • can be negative • can be positive • highly dependent on US/EU cooperation and EU technical choices

24. Jean-Philippe SAULAY tel. +32 22 707 4309 fax + 32 2 707 5709 nav.ident@hq.nato.int Georges THIBAUT tel. +32 22 707 4288 fax + 32 2 707 xxxx g.thibaut@hq.nato.int More information ? • On NATO • http://www.nato.int • On NAFAG and ALS systems • http://www.nato.int/nafag • On Navigation • nav.ident@hq.nato.int